social influence names

Question 1

zimbardo

Question 2

Beauvois

Answer 2

-French game show
-people were paid to give “fake” electric shocks, ordered by the presenter, to other participants in front of an audience
-80% of participants administered 460v shocks to a seemingly unconscious man and showed behaviours similar to milligrams ppts

Question 3

Sheridan + King

Answer 3

-conducted a study similar to Milgrams using real shocks on puppy’s
-54% of men and 100% of women administered full fatal shock level

Question 4

Lucas

Answer 4

-support for task difficulty or ISI
-asked ppts to solve “easy” and “hard” maths problems
-ppts were given 3 answers from other students (confederates)
-the ppts conformed more when the questions were more difficult

Question 5

Bickman

Answer 5

-supports situation variables
-field experiment in NYC
-3 confederates dressed in different outfits: a jacket and tie, a milkman and security guard outfit
-the confederates stood on the side of the road and would ask people to do simple tasks such as pick up litter or pay for their parking meter
-people were twice as likely to obey when the confederate was in security outfit

Question 6

Rank and Jacobson

Answer 6

-against situational explanation
-found that 16 out of 18 nurses disobeyed orders from a doctor to administer an excessive dose of medicine
-suggests agents shifts only happen in specific situations
(real world application)

Question 7

Kilham + mann -

Answer 7

found that only 16% of Australian women went all the way to 450V in a milligram inspired study

Question 8

Mantell

Answer 8

explains cultural differences in legitimacy of authority
Found that 85% of German ppts went up to 450V in a milgram inspired study

Question 9

Elms and Milgram

Answer 9

-interviewed a small sample of people who has participated in the original obedience studies and had been fully obedient
-the all completed the f-scale as part of the interview
-these 20 obedient participants scored significantly higher on the overall F-scale than a comparison of 20 disobedient participants

Question 10

Jahoda

Answer 10

argued that the F-scale is a politically biased interpretation of Authoritarian personality and point out the reality pf left wing authoritarianism in the shape of Chine Maoism

Question 11

Greenstein

Answer 11

calls the f-scale a “comedy of methodological errors” because of how seriously flawed it is
and that it is possible to get a high score just by selecting agree answers

Question 12

Albrecht

Answer 12

+positive effects of social support
-evaluated Teen Fresh Start USA, an 8 week programme to help pregnant teens aged 14-19 resist peer pressure to smoke
-social support was provided by a slightly older mentor
-at the end of the programme teens who has a mentor were significantly less likely to smoke than a control group of ppts who did not have a mentor

Question 13

Holland

Answer 13

+support for LOC
-Repeated Milgrams baseline study and measured whether participants were internals or externals
-found that 37% of internals did not continue to the highest shock level (showed some resistance)
-only 23% of externals did not continue
-internals showed greater resistance

Question 14

Twenge

Answer 14

-contradriction for LOC
-analysed data from American locus of control studies conducted over a 40-year period (from 1960 to 2002). The data showed that, over this time span, people became more resistant to obedience but also more external
-this is surprising as if resistance is linked to internal locus of control, we would expect people to have become more internet

Question 15

Rotter

Answer 15

points out that LOC is not necessarily the most important factor in determining whether someone resists social influence
LOCs role depends on the situation
-A persons LOC only significantly affects their behvaiour in new situations

Question 16

Nolan

Answer 16

+research support for normative influences (majority influence)
-Nolan aimed to see if they could change peoples energy use habits
-the researcher hung messages ob the front doors of houses in San Diego everyday for a week
the key message was that most residents were trying to reduce their energy usage
-as a control, some residents had a different message that just asked them ti save energy but had no reference to other peoples behaviour
There were significant decreases in energy usage in the first group compared to the second

Question 18

Nemeth

Answer 18

argues that social change is due to the type of thinking that minorities inspire,
When people consider minority arguments, they engage in divergent thinking, which is broad rather than narrow
Nemeth argues this leads to better decisions and more creative solutions to social change

Question 19

Mackie - disagrees with Nemeth

Answer 19

-presents evidence that it is majority influence that may create deeper processing if you do not share your views. This is because we like to believe that other people share our views and think in the same way as us
When we find out the majority believes something different, then we are forced to think long and hard about their arguments

Question 20

Bashir

Answer 20

Barriers to social change -
-why people still resist to social change
-found that participants were less likely to behave in environmentally-friendly ways because they didn’t not want to be associated with stereotypical “environmentalists” and be labeled “tree huggers” for example

Question 21

Asch + support for NSI

Answer 21

-interviewed his participants
- some said they conformed because they felt self-conscious giving the correct answer and we afraid of disappointment
-when ppts wrote down their answer, conformity fell to 12.5%

Question 22

Martin

Answer 22

+strength of deeper processing
-presented a message supporting a particular viewpoint and measured ppts agreement - one group of ppts then heard a minority group agree with the initial view while another group heard a majority group agree with it
-ppyts were finally exposed to a conflicting view and attitudes were measured again
-people were less willing to change their opinions if they had listened to a minority group than the majority
-suggests that the minority message had been more deeply processed and had a more enduring effect

-however no real world application - real world instances of minority influences are more complex as majorities usually have a lot more power and status