attachment names

Question 1

Meltzoff and Moore

Answer 1

Interactional Synchrony -
-Observed babies as young as 2 weeks old
-An an adult displayed 1 of 3 facial expressions and 1 of 3 distinct gestures
-babies response was filmed and labelled by independent observers
-Babies expressions and gestures tended to mostly mirror those of adults

Question 2

Isabella et al-

Answer 2

Importance of Interactional synchrony in attachment-
-Observed 30 mothers and babies together and assessed degree of synchrony + quality of mother-baby attachment
-found that higher levels of synchrony = better quality attachment

Question 3

Feldman

Answer 3

Care giver infant interactions -
Points out that ideas like synchrony just give names to observable behaviours and doe not tell us the purpose of them- therefore we cannot know the importance of it on a Childs development

Question 4

Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 4

Stages of attachment-
-observational study of 60 babies from Glasgow in working class families
-Visited babies and mothers in their homes every month for the first year and again at 18 months
-researchers asked mothers questions about how their babies responded to everyday separations to test separation anxiety and babies attachments
- found the 4 stages

Question 5

Lorenz

Question 6

Harlow

Question 7

Regolin + Vallortigara

Answer 7

-Support for Lorenz
Chicks were exposed to simple shape combinations that moved, such as triangle with a rectangle in front. A range of shape combinations were moved in front of them and they followed the original most closely.

Question 8

Field

Answer 8

-filmed 4 month old babies in face to face interaction in diff conditions- primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers
Primary caregiver mothers?fathers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding babies - having potential to form important attachments through reciprocity

Question 9

Grossman -

Answer 9

Longitudinal study where babies attachments were studied until they were teens
-researcher looked at both babies parents behaviours and its relationship to the quality of babies later attachments to other people
-quality of babies attachment to mothers was related to attachments in adolescence - not fathers
-also found that qualities of fathers play w babies was related to quality of adolescents attachments - suggests father have a diff role to mothers - one of play and simulation

Question 10

Schaffer Emerson (Fathers)

Answer 10

-3% of fathers became first sole object of attachment
-27% father was joint first object of attachment w mother
-However 75% of babies had formed a solid attachment w father by 18 months

Question 11

Brazelton -

Answer 11

-observed babies eliciting interactions from caregivers using social releasers - researchers instructed the caregivers to ignore babies social releasers and they became increasingly distressed
- role of social releasers

Question 12

Bailey et al

Answer 12

-Internal working model
-Assessed relationships between 99 mothers and their 1 year old
-assessed mothers relationships with their own primary attachment figure
-found that mothers with poor attachments to their own primary attachment fig were most likely to have poorly attached babies

Question 13

Ainsworth

Question 14

Bick et al

Answer 14

testes inter rater reliability for strange situation and found agreement on attachment types in 94% of cases

Question 15

Takahashi

Answer 15

-Strange situation
-IN Japan many babies were labelled as insecure resistant due to high separation anxiety - but he suggests this is due to how unusual mother baby separation is in Japan

Question 16

Van Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg

Answer 16

-Conducted a meta analysis of 32 locations to look out how proportions of different attachment types varied over different locations
-found that Secure attachments were the most common-but the amount varied depending on the location
-In individualist cultures- insecure resistant was similar to the findings of the original study, but not for collectivist cultures (china, Japan, Israel) where the rates were above 25% (14% for the OG)

Question 17

Bowlby 44 thieves

Answer 17

-Bowbly examined the link between afectionless psychopathy (AP) and maternal deprivation
-44 criminal teenagers were interviewed for signs of AP(characterised by lack of affection, guilt and sympathy)
-Families were also interviewed to establish is they had prolonged early separations from mothers
-Found that 14/44 could be described as AP - 12 of these experienced maternal deprivation in critical period
-only 5 in remaining 30 had experienced separations

Question 18

Rutter

Answer 18

-Followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans for many years as a part of ERA study - the orphans had been adopted by UK families
-To see if good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions,
-Psychological, cognitive and emotional levels were assessed at 4,6,11, 15 and 22-25.
-52 UK children adopted at same time as control group
-found that when children first around in UK- 1/2 showed signs of delayed intellect and were severely malnourished
at 11- adopted children showed differential rates of recovery that were related to age of adoption -
Mean IQ-
adopted before 6m - 102
adopted between 6m-2y- 86
adopted after 2y- 77
-also found that children adopted after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment - attention seeking behaviour, clinginess, and indiscriminate social behaviour to all adults, familiar and unfamiliar

Question 19

Kennedy

Answer 19

ADHD was more common in Romanian orphans in 15 and 22-25 year old samples

Question 20

Zeneah

Answer 20

conducted Bucharest early intervention project - assessing attachment in 95 Romanian children ages 12-31 months who has spent most (90% average) of their lives in institutions
-attachment was measured using SS
-19% secure (control 74%)
-44% disinhibited

Question 21

Wilson + Smith

Answer 21

-Supports relationships in childhood
-assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using questionnaires in children aged 7-11 from London.
-securely attached children are less likely to be involved in bullying
-Insecure avoidant and most likely to be victims of bullying
-Insecure resistant most likely to be bullies

Question 22

Hilda Lewis

Answer 22

conflicting evidence for 44 thieves
-failed to produce similar results
-looked at 500 young people and found no association between early separation and later psychopathy

Question 23

Myron - Wilson and smith

Answer 23

assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaires in 196 children aged 7-11 from London
-secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying
-insecure avoidant were most likely to be victims of bullying
-insecure resistant were most likely to be bullies

Question 24

Hazan and shaver

Answer 24

-the love quiz
-analysed 620 replies to a love quiz printed in an American newspaper
-quiz had 3 sections - current relationships, general love experiences, and attachment type
-those with secure attachments were most likely to have a good and longer lasting relationship
-avoidant respondents tended to hreveal jealousy or fear of intimacy