social influence - approaches key words

Question 1

science

Answer 1

a means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation.

Question 2

intospection

Answer 2

the first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures/images and sensations.

Question 3

psychology

Answer 3

the scientific study of the mind ands its functions, especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context.

Question 4

origins of psychology

Answer 4

originated from Germany by wilheim wundt
opened the first psychology lab in 1879

Question 5

Wundt and introspection

Answer 5

his objective was to document and describe the nature of human consciousness by looking into peoples emotional and mental states

Question 6

Wundts method

Answer 6

Would ask people their thoughts/feelings/images feelings and sensations when focusing on an evening.

Question 7

the emergence of psychology as a science

Answer 7

Watson criticised introspection as he thought it would be too subjective. He proposed that a truly scientific psychology should restrict itself to study only phenomena that could be observed and studied.

Question 8

operationalise

Answer 8

the process of ensuring variables are in a form which can easily be tested and specifically defined in order to be fully understood.

Question 9

extraneous variables

Answer 9

any variable other than the independent variable that may have an effect on the dependent variable if not controlled. known as nuisance variables- that do not vary systematically with he independent variable and their effect is random.

Question 10

extraneous variabales examples

Answer 10

noise
temp
anxiety
mood
age

Question 11

confounding variables

Answer 11

any extraneous variable which varies systematically with the independent variable so that we can not be sure of the true source of change to the dv.

Question 12

demand characteristics

Answer 12

any cue from the researcher or from the research situation which may be interrupted by the participants as revealing the purpose of investiagtion. this may lead to participants behaviour changing.

Question 13

investigator effects

Answer 13

any effect of the investigators behaviour on the dv

Question 14

randomisation

Answer 14

the use of chance to control for big effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of conditions.

Question 15

standardisation

Answer 15

using the exact same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants in a research study.

Question 16

single blind procedures

Answer 16

are when participants don’t know which conditions they are taking part in within the experiment.

Question 17

double blind procedures

Answer 17

when neither the participants or the investigator knows the which conditions the participants are taking part in.

Question 18

freud

Answer 18

founder of psychodynamic approach

Question 19

the unconscious mind

Answer 19

drives behaviour- if there are any issues their unconscious mind needs to be assessed.

Question 20

instincts

Answer 20

to motivate behaviour- we all go through the same stages of development with an innate drive

Question 21

the unconscious mind ice burg

Answer 21

top- conscious- the small amount of mental activity we know a bout
middle- preconscious- memories we could be made aware of
unconscious mind- memories we are unaware of

Question 22

structure of personality

Answer 22

three parts all in conflict
known as the tripartite system

Question 23

the id

Answer 23

this is the primitive part of the personality- present at birth
‘selfish’ one

Question 24

ego

Answer 24

makes sure there is a balance between others
it operates on reality principle and is the mediator
develops 18months -3years

Question 25

the super ego

Answer 25

internalised sense of right and wrong
operates on morality principle
develops between 3 years and end of phallic stage

Question 26

defence mechanisms

Answer 26

distort reality to reduce anxiety

Question 27

repression

Answer 27

blocking of an unpleasant memory

Question 28

denial

Answer 28

refusal to accept reality

Question 29

displacement

Answer 29

redirecting of emotions onto other objects or people

Question 30

pyschosexual stages

Answer 30

instincts drive our unconscious mind so dictate stages we experiences. the underlying drive is sexual( enjoyable) pleasure comes from the release of tension

Question 31

oral

Answer 31

0-1 years
focus of pleasure is the mouth and the mothers breast is the object of desire

Question 32

oral consequences

Answer 32

smoking, biting nails, sarcastic

Question 33

anal

Answer 33

1-3years
focus of pleasure is the anus, child gains pleasure from withholding faeces

Question 34

anal consequences

Answer 34

anal retentive- obsessive, perfectionist
anal expulsive- thoughtless, reckless

Question 35

phallic

Answer 35

3-5 years
focus of pleasure is the genital area, could experience electra complex or oedipus.

Question 36

phallic consequences

Answer 36

narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual

Question 37

latency

Answer 37

earlier conflicts are repressed

Question 38

genital

Answer 38

sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty

Question 39

genital consequence

Answer 39

difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

Question 40

electra complex

Answer 40

girls of the same age develop penis envy and their father as the penis is the primary love object. They develop a hatred for their mother and desire for their father which is replaced when they get the desire for a baby

Question 41

oedipus

Answer 41

in phallic stage little boys develop inscestous feelings towards their mother and murderous hatred to their father. Fearing their father will castrate them they repress their feelings and identify with their father- taking on gender norms and values.