behaviousim

Question 1

assumptions

Answer 1

• Behaviour should be studied scientifically using experiments.
• Behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable behavior
• The major influence on human behavior is learning from the environment (e.g., conditioning)
• There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals. Therefore research can be carried out on animals as well as humans.
• Behaviour is the result of stimulus–response (i.e., all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus–response association).

Question 2

studies

Answer 2

Methodology / Studies
* Controlled Experiment
* Little Albert
* Thorndike
* Skinner box
* Pavlov’s Dogs
* Bandura Bobo Doll Study

Question 3

Pavlov experiment and classical conditioning

Answer 3

Ivan Pavlov showed that dogs could be classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented while they were given food.He first presented the dogs with the sound of a bell; they did not salivate so this was a neutral stimulus. Then he presented them with food, they salivated.

The food was an unconditioned stimulus and salivation was an unconditioned (innate) response.

Pavlov then repeatedly presented the dogs with the sound of the bell first and then the food (pairing) after a few repetitions, the dogs salivated when they heard the sound of the bell.

The bell had become the conditioned stimulus and salivation had become the conditioned response.

Question 4

examples of classical conditioning

Answer 4

Examples of classical conditioning applied to real life include:

taste aversion – using derivations of classical conditioning, it is possible to explain how people develop aversions to particular foods
learned emotions – such as love for parents, were explained as paired associations with the stimulation they provide
advertising – we readily associate attractive images with the products they are selling
phobias – classical conditioning is seen as the mechanism by which – we acquire many of these irrational fears.
Skinner argued that learning is an active process and occurs through operant conditioning. When humans and animals act on and in their environmental consequences, follow these behaviors.