biological approach Flashcards
key assumptions
The biological approach posits that cognitive processes are directly linked to brain activity, suggesting that changes in brain function can lead to changes in thought processes and behaviors.
Neuroimaging studies (e.g., fMRI) have shown that specific brain regions activate during particular cognitive tasks, supporting this assumption.
For example, the prefrontal cortex is associated with decision-making and impulse control, indicating a direct relationship between brain function and cognitive behavior.
neuro transmitters
Biochemical imbalances, particularly involving neurotransmitters, can significantly affect behavior and mental health.
For instance, low levels of serotonin are often linked to depression, while excess dopamine is associated with schizophrenia.
Understanding these imbalances has led to the development of pharmacological treatments that aim to restore balance and improve mental health.
genetics
Genetic Influences on Behavior
The biological approach emphasizes that behavior can be inherited, as it is influenced by genetic information passed through generations.
Traits such as aggression may have evolutionary advantages, suggesting a genetic basis for certain behaviors.
Research into heritability, such as twin studies, supports the idea that genetics play a crucial role in behavioral traits.
evolution and behaviour
Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection provides a framework for understanding the evolution of behavior.
Behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed on, leading to adaptive traits in future generations.
genotype
the genetic makeup of an individual, while the phenotype encompasses the observable traits resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment
phenotype
encompasses the observable traits resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment
nature vs nurture
limitations
The nature-nurture debate raises questions about the extent to which behavior is determined by genetics versus environmental influences.
Extreme biological perspectives may overlook the significant role of environmental factors, such as upbringing and culture, in shaping behavior.
A balanced view recognizes that both genetics and environment interact to influence individual differences in behavior.
positives
Scanning research techniques are useful for investigating the functions of the brain: an organ with obvious involvement in our behaviour that would otherwise be unobservable.
The approach presents the strong nature viewpoint of the nature-nurture debate.
The experimental methods used (gathering empirical [i.e. observable] evidence) make this approach very scientific.
all
limitations
The approach is considered reductionist; complex behaviour, thoughts and emotions are all equally explained by low-level biological mechanisms such as biochemicals and nerve impulses.
Biology alone has been unable to explain the phenomenon of consciousness.
An extreme biological approach does not account for the wide base of evidence that points to the influence of our environment (e.g. culture and society)
