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A Level Psychology > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is conformity

A

A change in a persons behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group

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2
Q

What is identification

A

A moderate type of conformity where we act in the same way with the group because we share their values and want to be accepted. May be temporary

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3
Q

What is internalisation

A

A deep type of conformity where a person conforms publicly and privately because they have internalised and accepted the view of the group

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4
Q

What is compliance

A

Confirming publicly but privately disagreeing

Only superficial and will stop as soon as group pressure stops

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5
Q

What is Informational social influence

A

We accept it because we believe the info is correct

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6
Q

What is normative social influence

A

We agree because we want to be accepted and gain social approval

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7
Q

What are aschs variations

A

Group size
Unanimity
Task difficulty

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8
Q

Explain aschs study

A

123 american male undergraduates in 1951,1955
Line and comparison line
Critical trials
Confederates and naive

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9
Q

What were the findings

A

Naive people conformed 36.8% of the time
25% didn’t at all
75% did at some point
Did it to avoid rejection

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10
Q

What does the asch effect mean

A

The extent to which p’s conform even when the situation is unambiguous

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11
Q

What did Perrin and Spencer in 1980 do that went against asch

A

They repeated it with engineering students in the UK and did 396 trials and only one conformed
Different social norms
His was too andro and ethnocentric

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12
Q

Were there demand characteristics in aschs study

A

Yes

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13
Q

Name another negative

A

There are limited applications of findings as the US is a individualist culture and it’s ethno and androcentric
And it was answered out loud
And a group of strangers

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14
Q

Explain the Stanford prison experiment

A

By Haney et al in 1973
Mock prison in basement
Volunteer sampling of students who were mentally stable
Randomly assigned guard or prisoner
Arrested in home by police to heighten realism
Prisoners then blindfolded, strip searched, de loused and given a uniform and number
16 rules to follow, 3 guards at a time
Guards had uniform and accessories and told they had full control

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15
Q

What were the findings of the Stanford prison experiment

A

Guards behaviour became a physical and mental threat to prisoners wellbeing
Stopped after 6 days instead of 14
Riots
Divide and rule tactic which played prisoners off each other
One prisoner released early because of signs of mental disturbance
2 released on day 4
One went on hunger strike, put in the ‘hole’ and shunned
Guards seemed to enjoy the power and hit more brutal and aggressive

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16
Q

What is the conclusion of Zimbardos research

A

The power of the situation influences people’s behaviour

All people conformed to their roles

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17
Q

Name the strength of SPE about control

A

Had some control over variables such as selection of participants and randomisation which removes the explanation of different personalities
This increases internal validity

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18
Q

What is the limitation of SPE from Banuazizi and Mohavedidi

A

In 1975 said they were play acting and acting for the stereotypes rather than genuinely conforming which suggests a lack of realism

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19
Q

What was zimbardos counter to banuazizi

A

There is quantitative data that 90% of the prisoners conversations were about prison life

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20
Q

Why was zimbardos conclusions overstated

A

As only a third of the guards were aggressive and brutal

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21
Q

What were the ethical issues with the SPE

A

That one prisoner asked to leave but zimbardo treated the conversation as if he was the superintendent and he was talking to an actual prisoner

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22
Q

Explain the participants in Milgram’s obedience study

A

40 male p’s through newspaper ads aged between 20-50, unskilled to professional
told it was about memory
paid $4.50 to take part

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23
Q

Explain Milgram’s method

A

In a lab, paid straight away and did a rigged draw with Mr Wallace
told they could leave at any time
low level shock was demonstrated to teacher
learner strapped into chair
teacher told to give an increasing shock every time a mistake was made in word pairing
shocks were labelled from slight shock to danger severe shock
at 300v, learner pounded on the wall
at 315v, no response was given
experimenter told teacher that no answer is a wrong answer

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24
Q

What were the 4 standard verbal prompts that the experimenter could use

A

1) please continue 2) the experiment requires that you continue 3) it is absolutely essential that you continue 4) you have no other choice, you must go on

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25
Q

What were Milgram’s findings

A

no participants stopped below 300v
12.5% stopped at 300v
65% continued to full 450v
qualitative data collected - extreme signs of tension such as sweating and trembling
3 had seizures
all were debriefed and assured their behavior was normal
follow up questionnaire - 84% said they were glad to have taken part

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26
Q

What was Milgram’s estimate

A

3% would continue all the way

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27
Q

What variable did Milgram test

A

situational

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28
Q

Explain the 3 proximity conditions

A

orig - separate rooms
1st - same room 65% to 40%
2nd - teacher has to force hand down 65% to 30%
3rd - same room experimenter left and rings instructions 65% to 20.5%

29
Q

Explain the location variable

A

orig - Yale University

1st - run down building 65% to 47.5%

30
Q

Explain the uniform variable

A

orig - grey lab coat and clipboard

1st - member of public takes over due to phone call 65% to 20%

31
Q

What increased the experimental validity

A

by meeting the learner, doing the draw and testing a shock

high levels of distress showed that they did believe it was real

32
Q

How was the population validity increased

A

Milgram tested women and got the same findings

Meeus & Raajmakers (1986) showed that it willingness to obey wasn’t unique to the american culture

33
Q

What does dispositional mean

A

personality

34
Q

Why does obedience to a destructive authority occur

A

because a person does not have to take responsibility for their actions as they believe they are agents for someone else

35
Q

What is the high anxiety felt by the agent called due to feeling powerless

A

moral strain

36
Q

What is this called

A

agentic state or agency theory

37
Q

What is the opposite of agentic state

A

autonomous state

38
Q

What is autonomous state

A

a state of independence/free will where the person has their own opinions and feels responsible for their actions

39
Q

What is the shift from autonomy to agency called

A

agentic shift

40
Q

When does the agentic shift occur

A

when we perceive someone to be higher than us in the social hierarchy

41
Q

How do people stay in the agentic state

A

through binding factors

42
Q

What do binding factors do

A

help ignore or minimize moral strain “he deserved it”

43
Q

What makes an authority legitimate

A

when it is accepted in a hierarchical society which is learnt from childhood

44
Q

When do problems arise with legitimate authority

A

when they use their power for destructive purposes

45
Q

Name some research support for legitimate authority

A

Blass and Schmitt (2001) asked their students who was to blame for the harm in Milgram’s
they said the experimenter because he had legitimate authority

46
Q

Who claimed a particular personality type is more likely to obey authority

A

Adorno (1950)

47
Q

Explain Adorno et al (1950) experiment into causes of obedient personality

A 
2000 white middle class Americans
F-scale measuring attitudes towards other racial groups
48
Q

What personality type did Adorno say is most likely to obey

A

authoritarian

49
Q

Describe an authoritarian personality type

A

traditional values
submissive
bullying
dislikes change

50
Q

In earlier life, what can lead to this personality type

A

strict childhood with little love can create a fear of parents that leads to being excessively respectful of authority
can also create a hatred of parents that is displaced onto others

51
Q

What is an issue that was raised with the F-scale

A

Greinstein (1969) said that it suffers from bias (leading questions) as the participants agreed even if they didn’t truly believe, meaning it lacks internal validity

52
Q

What did Milgram’s follow up study find

A

a correlation between those who went to 450v and being authoritarian

53
Q

Why does Adorno’s study have limited explanations

A

as millions of Germans displayed racist ideas but they can’t all have the same personality type

54
Q

What is the social identity theory

A

favor own group (in group) and dislike other groups (out groups) and we try to maximize similarity within and differences out
nazis and jews

55
Q

What helps us resist social influence

A

social support

56
Q

Explain social support

A

when we have support or another resistance to conforming

57
Q

Describe a study that showed this

A

Asch’s variation of unanimity - 65% to 10%

the confederate that disobeyed acted as a model

58
Q

Who supported this

A

Allen and Levine redid this variation with a blind dissenter and conformity still dropped

59
Q

Who discovered locus of control

A

Rotter (1966)

60
Q

What does it mean to have an internal LOC

A

believe outcomes are due to them

61
Q

What does it mean to have an external LOC

A

believe outcomes are due to fate

62
Q

Name some evidence for LOC

A

Twenge (2004)

says americans have become more external LOC but also more resistant to SI

63
Q

Define minority influence

A

minority of people influence the beliefs and behavior of others

64
Q

What are the three things needed to influence a majority

A

consistency, commitment and flexibility

65
Q

Name and explain a study for consistency

A 
Moscovici et al (1969) 
2 consistent confederates with 4 p's
8.42% of trials conformed 
2 inconsistent confederates with 4 p's
1.25% of trials conformed
66
Q

What is synchronic consistency

A

every minority saying the same thing

67
Q

What is diachronic consistency

A

one person repeating the same thing

68
Q

What does commitment show

A

that they are willing to risk themselves to demonstrate commitment (augmentation principle)

69
Q

What does Nemeth say about flexibility

A

repeating the same views could seem rigid and dogmatic and therefore off-putting to the majority
minority needs to be able to adapt their point of view and recognize valid counter arguments

A Level Psychology (12 decks)

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