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A Level Psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four explanations for abnormality

A

Statistically rare
Failure to function adequately
Going against social norms
Deviation from ideal mental health

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2
Q

Explain statistical deviation

A

Further away from average behaviour
Not often found
Statistically rare

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3
Q

Evaluate statistical deviation

A

Face validity +
Abnormality not always a detriment -
Doesn’t explain depression -
Cultural issues -

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4
Q

Explain deviation from social norms

A

Behaving in a way that is different to what we expect

Culturally relative

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5
Q

Evaluate social norm deviation

A

Cultural relativism -
Modern definitions abuses people’s right to be different -
Era dependant -
Takes into account desirability +

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6
Q

Explain failure to function adequately

A

No longer able to cope with demands of day to day life

Seligman (1989) - not coping if they don’t conform to interpersonal rules, severe distress or behaviour is dangerous

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7
Q

Evaluate failure to function adequately

A

Labelling gives a sticky label and stigma
Gender stereotypes stop men from asking for help
Takes into account perspective of patient

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8
Q

Explain deviation from ideal mental health

A 
Jahoda (1958) 
PRAISE 
Personal growth 
Reality perception 
Autonomy 
Integration 
Self attitudes 
Environmental mastery

Focuses on positives

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9
Q

Evaluate ideal mental health

A

Comprehensive definition +
Ethnocentric to western countries as others value family more -
Unrealistic expectations -

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10
Q

DSM5 categorises mental disorders into 4 major groups

A

Depressive disorders
Anxiety disorders
OC and related disorders
Feeding and eating disorders

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of phobia

A

Specific - object or situation
Social anxiety - social situation
Agoraphobia - fear of outside

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12
Q

What is a phobia

A

An irrational fear of something

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13
Q

Name the three behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Panic
Avoidance
Endurance - alternative to avoidance (may be unavoidable)

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14
Q

Name the two emotional characteristics

A

Anxiety

Unreasonable response - widely disproportionate view of danger

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15
Q

Name the three cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Selective attention to stimulus
Irrational belief
Cognitive distortions

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16
Q

Explain the two process model of the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

A

Mowrer 1960

Phobias acquired by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning

17
Q

Why type of operant conditioning is involved

A

Negative reinforcement

Avoidance prevents anxiety

18
Q

Evaluate the two process model

A

Good explanatory power of maintenance and helps for therapy
Avoidance may be motivated by anxiety reduction (agoraphobia)
Evolutionary past -

19
Q

How long does a phobia have to appear for to be classified

A

6 months

20
Q

Explain counter conditioning of phobias

A

Based off classical conditioning
Remove association with fear
Replace with calm response
Both emotions cannot co exist - reciprocal inhabitation

21
Q

Explain Wolfe 1958 systematic desensitisation

A

Construct an anxiety hierarchy

Relaxation training through gradual exposure

22
Q

Explain flooding

A

Inescapable exposure
High amount of anxiety cannot be sustained
Breaks/extincts the association

23
Q

Evaluate systematic desensitisation and flooding

A

60-90% success with simple phobias (Barlow et al 2002) systematic
Wider range of people than flooding
Flooding is time and cost effective
Flooding is not as good for social phobias and is traumatic

24
Q

What are the DSM 5’s 4 types of OCD

A

OCD
Trichotillamania -hair pulling
Hoarding disorder
Excoriation disorder - skin picking

25
Q

What are the two behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsions - repetitive and reduce anxiety

Avoidance

26
Q

What are the three emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety and distress
Accompanying depression
Guilt and disgust

27
Q

What is the feedback loop for OCD

A

Obsessive thought
Anxiety
Compulsive behaviour
Temporary relief

28
Q

What are the 3 cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts
Cognitive strategies
Know actions are irrational

29
Q

What is depression characterised by

A

changes in the mood and energy of a person

30
Q

Name and explain the 4 types of depression

A

major depressive - severe but short term
persistent depressive - long-term and reocurring
disruptive mood dysregulation - childhood temper tantrums
premenstrual dsyphoric

31
Q

Name 3 behavioural characteristics of depression

A

energy levels reduced
disruption to sleep and eating behaviours
aggression and self harm

32
Q

Name 3 emotional characteristics of depression

A

lowered mood
anger
lowered self esteem

33
Q

Name 3 cognitive characteristics of depression

A

poor concentration
dwelling on negative
absolutist thinking (both extremes)

34
Q

Explain Beck’s cognitive theory of depression

A

faulty information processing
negative self schemas
negative triad (world, self and future)

35
Q

Explain Ellis’ ABC model of cognitive depression

A

Activating event
beliefs are irrational
consequences (behavioural and emotional)

36
Q

What do irrational beliefs trigger

A

the response, not the event itself

37
Q

Evaluate Becks approach

A 
research evidence (Grazioli and Terry 2000) found that women with high cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer post natal depression 
practical applications for CBT
does not explain all aspects of depression as some have extreme anger and some have cotard syndrome (they believe they are zombies)
38
Q

Evaluate Ellis’ approach

A

can only really account for reactive depression

practical applications for CBT

A Level Psychology (12 decks)

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