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A Level Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What does behaviourism emphasise

A

The role of learning

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2
Q

What does tabula rasa mean

A

Blank slate

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3
Q

What is behaviour

A

A learnt response to stimuli in the environment

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4
Q

What are behaviourists only concerned with

A

Directly observable behaviours

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5
Q

Why is this

A

Because you cannot directly observe internal mental processes

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6
Q

What does behaviourists use to investigate behaviour

A

Highly controlled lab experiments to establish a cause and effect

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7
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Learning through association

When an association is made between a neutral stimulus that wouldn’t normally provoke a response

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8
Q

Name a famous behaviourism experiment

A

Pavlovs Dogs where he conditioned dogs to drool over a bell

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9
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning to repeat a behaviour depending on the consequence

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10
Q

What happens when there is a good consequence

A

The behaviour is reinforced/repeated

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11
Q

What happens when there is a bad consequence

A

The behaviour is less likely to be repeated

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12
Q

Name and explain the two types of reinforcement

A

Positive - gaining something positive as a reward
Negative - removal of something negative as a reward
Both mean behaviour is more likely to be repeated

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13
Q

Name an operant conditioning key study

A

Skinner (1932), with skinners box

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14
Q

Name a key psychologist within SLT

A

Albert Bandura

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15
Q

What did bandura do

A

Agreed with behaviourists that behaviour is learn through direct experience but proposed a further mechanism

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16
Q

What was Banduras further mechanism

A

That we also learn indirectly through observation and imitation of others

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17
Q

What did Bandura focus on

A

Mental processes involved in learning

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18
Q

When is imitation more likely to happen

A

If the model is positively reinforced

Or when we identify with or respect the model

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19
Q

What is this reinforcement called

A

Vicarious reinforcement

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20
Q

How is SLT and behaviourism linked

A

They both look at stimulus and response but SLT also believes that mental processes are involved

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21
Q

What do cognitive processes do

A

Mediate between the stimulus and response

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22
Q

Name the three different mediating processes

A

Motivation, attention and memory

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23
Q

Name the acronym for the stages of SLT

A

ARMM

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24
Q

What does ARMM stand for

A

Attention - the individual needs to pay attention to the behaviour and consequences
Retention - the individual stored the observed behaviour in long term memory as imitation is not always immediate
Motor Reproduction - the individual must be able to reproduce the observed behaviour
Motivation - the individual must expect to gain the same positive reinforcement they have seen

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25
Q

Evaluate SLT

A
  • Experiment support/lab experiments that are well controlled, however can be influenced by variables/demand characteristics
  • does not take into account bio factors, free will or moral views
  • explains cultural differences and influence of media
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26
Q

What are cognitions

A

Mental processes including memory, perception and language

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27
Q

How can we infer what a person is thinking? (Inference)

A

Based on how they act

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28
Q

What has cognitive psychology been influenced by

A

Developments in computer sciences and analogies are often made between a human brain and computers

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29
Q

What is cognitive psychology is interested in

A

How the brain inputs, stores and retrieves information

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30
Q

What is the man assumption about the cognitive approach

A

That information is received and processed by our brain

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31
Q

What is a schema

A

A mental structure or package containing our stored knowledge of a topic based on previous experience

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32
Q

What do schemas do

A

Help us organise and interpret information, and allow the brain to take shortcuts in processing

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33
Q

What happens to schemas when we gain experience

A

They develop and evolve

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34
Q

Name a downside of a schema

A

They cause us to exclude important information to focus only on our schema/past experience

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35
Q

Name a study that supports schemas

A

Bartletts “War of Ghosts”

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36
Q

What can schemas explain

A

Why two people, who witness the same event, can report it differently as they have different schema

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37
Q

How can schema influence how we see things

A

Information that doesn’t fit to schema is not processed/binned

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38
Q

What is the information processing model

A

Input with senses, processing using schema then output with observable behaviour

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39
Q

What does the cognitive approach use to explain things

A

Theoretical models

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40
Q

What does cognitive neuroscience use

A

Pet and fMRI scans

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41
Q

What do these scans allow us to do

A

Section the processing brain and help discover the basis of mental disorders

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42
Q

Name some negatives with the cognitive approach

A

Artificial behaviours, soft determinism, and computers do not forget things or have emotions

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43
Q

Name some positives with the cognitive approach

A

Used very scientific methods that are replicable and reliable
It has real life applications
Soft determinism

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44
Q

What parts of the body does the biological approach look at

A

Immune system, nervous system, genetics, brain and the endocrine system

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45
Q

Define the biological approach

A

The influence of genes, biological structures and neurochemistry on behaviour.

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46
Q

What do behaviour geneticists study

A

Whether behavioural characteristics such as intelligence are inherited in the same way physical characteristics are

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47
Q

What are the biological terms for twins

A

Monozygotic - identical

Dizygotic - non identical

48
Q

Name the positives of the biological approach

A

Scientific methods, real life application such as development of medical drugs, evidence for nature vs nurture

49
Q

Name some negatives for the biological approach

A

Has causal conclusions, and its deterministic

50
Q

Where does SLT occur

A

In a social context

51
Q

In behaviourism, what does punishment do

A

make the behaviour less likely to be repeated

52
Q

Name some positives about the behaviourist approach

A

it has scientific creditability as objectivity and replicability are emphased in lab experiments
it has real life applications such as token economy systems in prisons

53
Q

Name some negatives about the behaviourist approach

A

ignores possibility of environmental determinism/free will in future behaviours
ethical and practical issues with animal experiments

54
Q

Who is the main figure in the psychodynamic approach

A

Sigmund Freud

55
Q

What did Freud treat

A

‘hysteria’

56
Q

In what time period was the psychodynamic approach invented

A

late 1800’s

57
Q

What was the society like in the 1800’s

A

conservative, male dominated, repressed

58
Q

What is the key assumption in the psych approach

A

the importance of the unconscious mind

59
Q

How do our unconscious thoughts affect us

A

our conscious mind is unaware of these feelings but they still have an affect on us

60
Q

What is in our unconscious mind

A

repressed feelings such a unacceptable sexual urges and immoral desires

61
Q

What model is used to describe the unconscious mind

A

an iceberg, with the conscious being visible above water (things we are aware of), the preconscious being just below (things we could be aware of if we wanted), and the unconscious deep below (things we can only be aware of through dream analysis, free association and parapraxes

62
Q

What is a parapraxes

A

slip of the tong

63
Q

What is free association

A

relaxing, hearing a word and saying first thing that comes into your head

64
Q

What is dream analysis

A

repressed ideas are more likely to appear in dream than when we are awake

65
Q

What does Freud refer to dream analysis as

A

‘the royal road to the unconscious’

66
Q

What is the tripartite personality

A

we have 3 personalities

- Id, ego and superego

67
Q

What is id like

A

selfish, impatient, risk taker

68
Q

What is ego like

A

rational, realistic

69
Q

What is super ego like

A

uptight, worrier, rigid

70
Q

When do we have id from

A

birth - very selfish

71
Q

What is another name for id

A

pleasure principle

72
Q

When do we get ego

A

3 years old - aware of other peoples needs and feelings

73
Q

What is ego also known as

A

reality principle

74
Q

When do we get superego

A

5 years old - wants to do right

75
Q

What is superego also known as

A

morality principle

76
Q

What does ego do to reduce conflict between id and superego

A

uses defense mechanisms

77
Q

Where in our mind is id

A

in our unconscious mind, only present at birth

78
Q

Where in our mind is ego

A

in our conscious mind

79
Q

Where in our mind is superego

A

both conscious and unconscious

80
Q

What is a defense mechanism

A

various methods the ego uses to reduce conflicts and anxiety between id and superego

81
Q

What are the three defense mechanisms

A

denial, repression, displacement

82
Q

What is denial

A

a defense mechanism where we completely reject the distressing thought

83
Q

What is repression

A

forcing a depressing memory out of the conscious mind

84
Q

What is displacement

A

you transfer feelings from true sources of distressing emotions onto a substitute target

85
Q

When and where was the humanistic approach made

A

America in the 1950’s

86
Q

Why was it nicknames the third force

A

as it aimed to replace behaviourism and psychodynamic

87
Q

Is humanistic intended to be more or less deterministic

A

less

88
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the humanistic approach

A

every individual is unique and so we cannot generalise findings
free will as we are active agents
scientific methods are not appropriate
people should be viewed holistically

89
Q

What is the humanistic view of free will

A

we are active agents who have the ability to determine our own outcome and can reject external forces

90
Q

Name a psychologist who believed in the humanistic approach

A

Abraham Maslow

91
Q

What did Maslow have to say about the humanistic approach

A

that it is natural for us to want to grow and achieve our full potential

92
Q

What is this called

A

self actualisation

93
Q

What does Maslows heirarchy of needs focus on

A

human motivational factors

94
Q

Name another humanistic psychologist

A

Carl Rogers

95
Q

What does Carl Rogers believe

A

that individuals strive to be the best version of themselves as they want self improvement
he believed that Freud looked at the ‘sick half’ and humanistic looks at healthy individuals

96
Q

Explain how if needs are met we become better

A

humans have a basic want to be nurtured and valued

if this is given freely, people will develop a healthy sense of self worth

97
Q

How can parents achieve this

A

by blaming behaviour and not the child

98
Q

What is unconditional positive regard

A

giving praise and acceptance freely without conditions

99
Q

What is negative or conditioned regard

A

parents who give this with conditions or dont give it at all

100
Q

What does negative regard lead to

A

low self esteem

101
Q

When is well being established

A

when there is consistency between the self concept and ideal self

102
Q

What is this consistency known as

A

congruence

103
Q

What can incongruence lead to

A

low self worth and maladjustment

104
Q

What can lead to incongruence

A

defense mechanisms

105
Q

What did Rogers develop to avoid inconguence

A

client centered therapy (CCT)

106
Q

Define conditions of worth

A

a parent who puts conditions on their love set up psychological problems for their child in the future

107
Q

What is the main way the humanistic approach has contributed to society

A

through therapy

108
Q

What does CCT focus on

A

develop self regard and overcome incongruence

109
Q

What is Gestalt therapy

A

therapy where the aim is to help the client become ‘whole’ by getting them to accept every aspect of themselves

110
Q

Name 3 techniques in gestalt therapy

A

confrontation, dream analysis and role playing

111
Q

What is the Q-sort assessment

A

made by Rogers for CCT
measurement of congruence by a Q-SORT
person sorts statements on cards to two piles ‘ideal and ‘real’ self

112
Q

Name a real life application of Maslow

A

in business, CCT

113
Q

Why does the humanistic approach have limited application

A

as it is not scientific, lacks sound evidence and considers abstract and subjective concepts

114
Q

Why is the humanistic approach a positive approach

A

as it focuses on the positive state of self actualisation rather than the dark side of the unconscious mind

115
Q

Why are vague abstract concepts such as self actualisation bad

A

they are unfalsifiable as they are subjective and untestable

116
Q

Why does the humanistic approach contain culture bias

A

made in america so includes western views

values dont apply to collectivist cultures

A Level Psychology (12 decks)

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