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Social influence Flashcards

1
Q

when was asch’s study?

A

1955

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2
Q

what was asch studying?

A

conformity

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3
Q

how many participants were in the study?

A

121 male participants

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4
Q

what were the three variable that asch wanted to investigate during this procedure?

A
  • group size ( changing the number of confederates in a group from 1-15, only 16 ppl in a group)
    -Unanimity ( seeing if one non-conforming pp could affect the conformity of the naive participants, changing whether the confederate gave the right/wrong answer)
  • Task Difficulty
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5
Q

what were the results from each variable

A

-group size ( as the number rose to 3 conf, conformity rose 31.8%. but plateaued as more in group)
- Unanimity ( conformity fell to less than 1/4)
- task difficulty ( conformity increased with difficulty, showed evidence for ISI)

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6
Q

Name the strengths and limitations of aschs study

A
  • Artifical tasks, lacks mundane realism so cant be generalised to everyday life.
  • Limited application, only male participants. women seemed to conform more ( Neto, 1995)

+ Research support, Lucas et al (2006), pps shown maths problems, conformed more to the harder questions

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7
Q

Name the three types of conformity

A

identification/ conforms because they value the group and accepted their view ( public not private)

internalism- conforms as you’ve genuinely excepted those points of views ( private + publice)

compliance- conforming to avoid disapproval/ to gain approval

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8
Q

what did Deutsch and Gerard discover about conformity?

A

1955
developed the Two Process Model

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9
Q

what is the two process model

A

identifies that there are two main reasons to conform:

normative social influence- desire to be liked due to fears of rejection ( compliance or identification)

informational social influence- desire to be right, conforms as other believed to be more of an expert in the situation

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10
Q

evaluate the two process model

A

+ research support for ISI, Lucas et al (2006)

+ research support for NSI, aschs study, 1955
- NSI doesn’t predict conformity in every case, nAffilitators desire to be liked ( MchGhee + Teevan)

  • both need to be used not just separately
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11
Q

When was Zimbardos prison experiment

A

1973

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12
Q

How did choose his participants, and how many

A

25
made them take as test to decide whether ‘emotionally stable’
randomly assigned them roles

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13
Q

How was uniform used in the experiment

A

used to deindividualize participants using same uniform and identifying prisoners by numbers
used to help identify to social roles in experiment

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14
Q

what were the findings of the study?

A
  • Guards took up their role treating prisoners harshly
  • prisoners rebelled after 2 day
  • guards highlighting roles by creating rules, taking away privileges
  • study ended after 6/14 days
  • some released earlier due to signs of psychological disturbance
  • some went on hunger strike
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15
Q

evaluate the stanford prison experiment

A
  • lack of realism of real prison, prticipants only acted based on stereotypes (1975)

+ Control, choosing participants

  • Exaggerated roles, majority of guards 3/4 were kind and acted normally to the prisoners giving cigarettes, only 1/4 were harassing
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16
Q

what was zimbardo aiming to study

A

conformity to social roles

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17
Q

what was milgram aiming to study

A

obediance

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18
Q

when and where did this study take place

A

1963
Yale university

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19
Q

what was the baseline for this study

A
  • 40 male volunteers
  • teacher role = pps
  • learner role = confederates
  • experimenter dressed in lab coat
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20
Q

what were the original findings

A

all obeyed to 300v

12.6% stopped after 300v

65% obeyed to 450v

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21
Q

evaluate the original study

A

+ research support, game show ‘game of death’, 80% conformed to 450v (beauvois, 2012)

  • low internal validity, only 75% believed in study, Orne and Holland believed they were only play acting and thinks there were more
  • perry (2013) proved this = 50% believed
  • low population validity, only male participants
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22
Q

name the three situational variable presented by milgram

A

proximity

uniform

location

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23
Q

name the percentages for each variant of proximity

A

t and L in same room = 40%
t forces L hand onto plate = 30%
e gives t instructions over phone = 20.5

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24
Q

how did change of location adjust obedience

A

random office = 47.5%

25
how did change in uniform adjust obedience
e was replaced by random member of public = 20%
26
evaluate milgrams situational variables in terms of the study effects
-low internal validity, member of public maket look fake, pps knew not actually hurting L + research support, Bickman, 1974 and 3 confederates, milkman, jacket and tie and security guard- asking members in the street to perform tasks
27
name the situational explanations
agentic state agentic shift autonomous state legitimacy of authority binding factors
28
what is an agentic state
when a person feels no personal responsibility for their actions as they are doing the bidding of an authority figure
29
what is an autonomous state
when a person takes personal responsibility for own actions
30
what is an agentic shift
when a person changes from autonomous to agentic due to change in authority
31
what are binding factors
aspects of a situation that allow a person to minimise/ ignore the damaging effect of their actions and therefore reduce moral strain
32
what is legitimacy of authority
a structured hierarchy built by society, when a person is legitimised due to majority agreement
33
what is destructive authority
happens when authority figure becomes 'destructive', happened with hitler in the wws
34
name the evaluation points for agentic state
+ research support, from milgrams study - limited explanation, Rank and Jacobson (1977) 16/18 nurses disobeyed doctor orders to give an unnecessary dose of medication
35
name the evaluation points for legitimacy of authority
- doesn't explain disobedience Rank and Jacobson (1977) 16/18 nurses disobeyed doctor orders to give an unnecessary dose of medication + useful in explaining cultural differences in legitimacy of authority
36
what is the dispositional explanation of obedience
authoritarian personality
37
what is an authoritarian personality
a type of personality adorno presented as more obeying to people of authority
38
what are the origin of an authoritarian personality
adorno believes begins at childhood strict parenting and expectation of complete loyalty conditional love adorno believed that these interactions created hostility and resentment but they cannot express that to parents due to fear of punishment so take it out on ppl they deem socially inferior to them (scapegoating)
39
outline adornos research
1950 2000 middle class white americans evaluating their unconscious opinion on ethnic groups developed Fscale to test this
40
what is the Fscale
= potential for fascism scale used to measure authoritarian personalities high score = strong AP
41
evaluate the authoritarian personality as a dispositional personality
+ milgram and elm 1966 tested two groups with Fscale and found the group who were highly obedient = high on scale compared to disobedient group - limited explanation for majority obediance, not everyone can share the same belief, e.g. anti Semitism in ww2 causing the persecution of jews - political bias, shows tendency toward right wing ideology christie and jahoda 1954
42
name two ways that social support could add to resisting conformity
resisting conformity- aschs study resisting obedience- milgrams study resisting confederate = 10%
43
who propsed the LOC scale for resisting social influence
rotter 1966
44
what is an internal LOC
belief that things happen because of the things you do
45
what is an external LOC
things happen due to things that are outside of your control
46
what does that mean in terms of conformity
people with internal LOC are less likely to conform compared to people with external LOC
47
evaluate social support
+ research support, albrecht et al 2006 teen pregnancy programme to stop smoking when pregnant, teens with a 'buddy' more likely to quit + research for dissenting peers, gamson et al 1982 oil company smear campaign worked in groups, 88% of groups resisted
48
evaluate LOC for resisting social influence
+ research support, holland (1967) repeated milgrams study using LOC 37% internal 23% external - contradictory research, twenge et al (2004) analysed american LOC studies over 40 yrs showed resistance and external LOC
49
what is minority influence
form of social influence where a minority of people persuade members of a majority to adopt their beliefs and attitudes most likely lead to internalisation
50
how does using consistency help a minority influence
minority influence is most effective if the minority keeps to their beliefs
51
name the two types of consistency
synchronic- all say the same thing diachronic- all saying the same thing for a long period of time
52
how does flexibility help a minority influence
Nemeth 1986 sometimes better that extreme consistency, being able to adjust to make more reasonable for the person they are trying to influence
53
how does commitment help a minority influence
better if minority show dedication to their cause augmentation principle = more commitment the more taken seriously
54
explain the snowball effect
hearing something new, causing deeper thinking which is important in the process of conversion overtime this deeper thinking converts people at a more rapid effect
55
evaluate minority influence
+ research support consistency, moscovici et al, green/ blue slide study - however artificial tasks + support of deeper processng, martin (2003), studying participant agreement after overhearing intial view vs minority view
56
what is social change
occurs when whole societies, rather than just individuals adopt new beliefs leading to new attitudes and changing norms
57
identify the steps that lead to social change ( Dogs, Can, Do, Anything, So, Shush!)
Drawing attention Consistency Deeper processing Augmentation principle Snowball effect Social cryptoemnesia
58
evaluate social change
+ support for NSI, Nolan 2008, aimed to change ppls energy usage, hanging messages/ posters energy usage decreased - Role of deeper processing, mackie 1987 deeper processing only happens when we disagree as forced to think harder about argument

Psychology (10 decks)

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