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relationships Flashcards

1
Q

what is sexual selection

A

survival of the sexiest
if particular characteristic becomes established as universal preference amongst females then males who possess it strongest = greatest reproductive success

selective pressure to have characteristics

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2
Q

what is anisogamy

A

differences in reproductive ability of sperm/ova (gametes)

males= no shortage of fertile males
females= rare resource

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3
Q

what is inter- sexual selection

A

females quality over quantity
more choosy as more consequences of choosing wrong partner as choices determine characteristics passed down

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4
Q

what did trivers 1972 suggest about inter sexual selection

A

females make greater investment of time, commitment and other resources before, during and after birth of offspring

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5
Q

what did Fisher suggest in 1930

A

sexy sons hypothesis
genes enhanced for reproductive success
choosing partners due to what they want their offspring to look like (predicting offspring)

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6
Q

what is intra sexual selection

A

choosing quantity over quality (males)
competition between males to be selected
victor gets characteristic passed down to next generation

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7
Q

what has intra sexual selection given rise to

A

dimorphism = two forms
males and females end up looking very different
e.g. for females youthfulness is targeted

problem for males as characteristics in order to compete strengthen= males then need to over compete for female

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8
Q

what is self-disclosure

A

revealing personal info about yourself

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9
Q

what did altman and taylor 1973 suggest

A

social penetration theory

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10
Q

what is social penetration theory

A

gradual process of revealing inner self to people, eventually giving away deepest thoughts and feelings

reciprocal in romantic relations
allows a building of trust

more disclosed = the more penetration

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11
Q

what did altman and taylor suggest about the breadth and depth of self disclosure

A

two elements to increase partner commitment:

low- risk info= surface level info (acquaintances/ co-workers)
TMI= too much info, which may threaten relationship
therefore need to be gradual reveal

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12
Q

what did reis and shaver 1988 suggest

A

for relations breadth and depth to increase there needs to be a reciprocal element to relation

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13
Q

what did sprecher and hendrick 2004 find when evaluating self disclosure theory

A

research support
several predictions about self disclosure supported
studied heterosexual dating couples
found strong correlation between measures of satisfaction and self disclosure for both partners
relationships in reciprocity are closer and more satisfied
increase validity

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14
Q

what did haas and stafford evaluate about self disclosure theory

A

real world application
can help people who want to improve relationship
romantic partners deliberately use self disclosure to increase intimacy
57% heterosexual partners suggest self disclosure= increased their partner intimacy

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15
Q

what did tang 2013 suggest about the cultural limitations of self disclosure theory

A

not true for all cultures
collectivist = little self disclosure but present the same levels of satisfaction to individualist= high self disclosure

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16
Q

what is filter theory

A

explanation for relationship forming
series of progressive factors that reduces the range of available romantic partners

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17
Q

who identified filter theory

A

kerckhoff and davis 1962

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18
Q

what did kerckhoff and davis do

A

compared attitudes and personalities of student couples in short term= less than 18 months and long term relationships

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19
Q

what were the three main factors for filter theory

A

social demography
similarities in attitudes
complementarity

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20
Q

describe social demography

A

features that describe a population, e.g. location or class

outcome of this filter= homogamy = more likely to form a relationship with someone socially or culturally similar

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21
Q

describe similarities in attitudes

A

only important for first 18 months of relation
narrower field of availables
a need for partners in earlier stages to agree over basic values- things that really matter to them
promotes self disclosure and encourages greater communication

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22
Q

describe complementarity

A

ability to meet each others needs
two partners complement each other through traits the other lacks
important for long term relations
attractive as it makes them feel whole together

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23
Q

what are the problems with complementarity

A

may not be central to all long term relations
Markey et al 2013
found that lesbian couples of equal dominance= most satisfied
relation last= 4 1/2 years

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24
Q

why does social change limit the filter theory

A

first filter can be made easier or changed due to dating apps widening the scope for availables

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25
what is the research support for filter theory
assessing filter 2 and 3 longitudinal study completing questionnaires relationship closeness = measured 7 months later evidence that filter 2= short term importance filter 3= long term importance
26
what is the physical attractiveness theory
important factors in the formation of a relationship
27
what did shackelford and larsen 1997 discover
ppl with symmetrical faces are rated as more attractive honest signal of genetic fitness
28
what is the halo effect in the physical attractiveness theory
physical attractiveness may also matter bc of preconceived ideas about personality traits ppl have universally positive- almost physical attractiveness = stereotype may lead to self fulfilling prophecy
29
what did walster and walster 1969 suggest
research on matching hypothesis suggests we look for partners who are similar to ourselves 1966 study: - procedure= male and female students invited to dance rated on attractiveness by observers told data about themselves used to match pairs - findings= hypothesis not supported HOWEVER berscheid 1971 replicated and supported study
30
what support is there for the halo effect
palmer and palmer study to find out how physically attractive ppl were rated in terms of politically knowledgeable and competent more knowledgeable= more attractive even with no knowledgeable expertise
31
what support is there for the evolutionary explanations for physical attractiveness
cunningham et al found that female features like large eyes and small nose rated as highly attractive by white, Hispanic and Asian males what is considered as attractive is consistent across societies/cultures
32
why is the physical attractiveness theory not supported by real world application
taylor et al 2011 studied activity logs of dating site measured actual dating choices not preferences, keeping original hypothesis online daters sought to meet with potential partners who were more physically attractive than themselves
33
who discovered social exchange theory
thibault and kelley 1959
34
what did thibault and kelley suggest
behaviour in relationships reflects the economic assumptions of exchange try to minimise losses and maximise gains make judgements based on what we think the profit is based on the rewards and costs in a relation
35
what is a comparison level
one of the profit measures the amount of reward you think you deserve to get suggestions are made, some from previous experiences and social norms the more relations we have to more the ideas are developed
36
what is the comparison level of alternatives
second measure of profit provides wider context for current relation SET predicts we will stay in relation only so long as we believe it is more rewarding than alternatives
37
what does duck 1994 suggest
the CLalt we adopt depends on current relation state
38
what are the stages of relationship development
sampling stage - exploring concepts of profit through ones own experiences and experiences of others bargaining stage - partners begin exchanging and negotiating rewards and costs commitment stage - rewards and costs become more predictable and stable institutionalisation stage - marks the setting of norms of the relation
39
why is equity a criticism for SET
fairness in a relation is seen as more important than balancing costs and rewards doesn't account for many research findings about relations
40
what does argyle 1987 criticise about SET
argues we are not constantly monitoring the profit we actually pay little attention until after we feel dissatisfied therefore not explaining the breakdown of a relation but a later symptom
41
what research support is there for SET
kurdeck 1995 asked gay, lesbian and heterosexual couples complete a questionnaire measured relation commitment and SET variables found= partner who most committed, perceived most rewards and fewest costs
42
what is equity theory
economic theory of how relation develops developed through criticism of SET
43
what does Walster 1978 suggest about the role of equity in a relation
equity= fairness what matters most about equity in relation is that level of profit = roughly the sane when there is lack of equity= dissatisfaction it is not the size/amount of rewards and costs that matters its the ratio of the two to each other
44
what are the consequences of inequity
partner who perceives inequity= dissatisfied and distressed strong correlation applied to both over/under benefitted
45
how do partners deal with inequity
usually motivated to make the relation more fair as long as believed possible to do so = behavioural reaction cognitive reaction= creating revise of perceptions of rewards and costs so relation feels more equitable
46
what research support is there for equity theory
Utne 1984 evidence from real world relations surveyed 118 recently married couples aged between 16-45, together for two years or more before marriage measured equity w two self report scales couples who felt= equity felt more satisfied
47
what are the cultural limitations to equity theory
aumer-ryan 2007 collectivist= most satisfied when over benefitting individualist= most satisfied when =equity
48
what did Huseman 1987 suggets was another limitation for equity theory
individual differences not all romantic partners= concerned wit equity benevolents= prefer under benefitting entitles= prefer over benefitting
49
define investment
resources associated with romantic relations which partners would lose if relation ended
50
what did rusbult 2011 suggest were the three factors that contributed to a partners commitment
satisfaction comparison of alt investment
51
what are the two types of investment
intrinsic- resources we put directly into relation (money/possessions) extrinsic- resources that previously did not feature in relation but now closely associated with it (shared memories)
52
what is the main point for satisfaction vs commitment
important distinction as it can help us to understand why a dissatisfied partner would stay in relation (because of commitment)
53
what are relationship mechanisms
how commitment is expressed everyday
54
what are the relationship behavioural mechanisms
accommodation- promoting relation willingness to sacrifice- put partners interests first forgiveness- forgive serious transgression
55
what are the cognitive aspects the relationship maintenance and repair
committed partners think about partner and potential alts in specific (predictable) way positive illusions- unrealistically positive about partners ridiculing alts- negative perceptions about potential alts and other ppls relations
56
what research support is there for investment theory eval Xtra= correlational study doesn't mean main cause
le and agnew 2003 meta analysis reviewed 52 studies from 1970s-99 11000 pps from 5 countries correlation for satisfaction, COA and investment predicting commitment results= universally true
57
what real world application is there for investment theory
explains abusive relations rusbult and martz 1995 studied domestically abused women more likely to return to intimate partner reporting made high investment and little attractive alts
58
what is the limitation for investment theory
oversimplifies investment not a one dimensional theory goodfriend and agnew 2008 more to investment than just resources already put into relation early relation= few investment therefore investment into future plans
59
what is the purpose of ducks phase model
phase model of relationship breakdown argues it is not a one off event but a process each phase is marked by one or both partners after reaching a threshold (point where perception changes)
60
what is the breakdown
dissatisfaction in relation threshold: 'i cant stand this anymore'
61
what is the intra psychic process
social withdrawal 'rumination' resentment brooding on partners faults and relational costs re-evaluation of alts threshold: 'i'd be justified in withdrawing'
62
what is the dyadic process
uncertainty, anxiety and complaints discussion of discontent talk about relation reassessment of goals, commitments threshold: 'i mean it'
63
what is the social phase
going public seeking support from third parties alliance building social commitment/ outside forces create cohesion threshold: 'it is now inevitable'
64
what is the grave dressing process
tidying up memories making rational histories stories prepared for different audiences saving face threshold: 'time to get a new life'
65
what does La Gaipa 1982 suggest about the grave dressing phase
crucial for partner to maintain social credit
66
what real world application is there for ducks phase model
help reverse relation breakdown, recognising repair strategies duck 1994 recommends for intra psychic process, focus on positive instead of worrying about the negative
67
what is a limitation for ducks earlier phases
less understood underexplains earlier phases as much of the research is retrospective not always accurate or reliable
68
what was suggested about the phase model being incomplete
duck and rollie 2006 added 5th phase after grave dressing resurrection phase applying ex-relations to future ones from experiences gained
69
what is the purpose for virtual relationships theory
to identify how self disclosure operates in virtual relations compared to ftf
70
what did sproull and kiester 1986 suggest about self disclosure for virtual relations
REDUCED CUES THEORY virtual= less effective as there are less cues that we would usually depend on in ftf (emotional/physical cues) leads to de-individuation which turns to disinhibition
71
what does walther 2011 suggest about virtual relations
HYPER PERSONAL MODEL virtual can be more effective and involve more self disclosure
72
What are the two key features of the hyperpersonal model
sender of message= more control over what to disclose and the cues they send (selective presentation) receiver= gains positive impression of sender, may give feedback which reinforces senders selective self-presentation
73
what does bargh 2002 suggest
'strangers on a train effect' due to not knowing the full person= less accountable for actions therefore higher self disclosure
74
what is absent gating
mckenna and bargh 1999 virtual relations= most gates (obstacles) of a relation are absent means more free to be yourself however there is scope to create false identities and deceive people
75
why is there lack of support for reduced cues
online non-verbal cues= different not absent walther and tidwell 1995 ppls online use different cues= acronyms (LOL)
76
why is there a lack of support for hyperpersonal model
challenged by meta analysis findings ruppell 2017 25 studies comparing self disclosure in ftf vs virtual found breadth depth and frequency higher in ftf
77
what support is there for absent gating
socially anxious ppl find virtual relations more valuable mckenna and bargh 2000 found they were more able to express true self 71% relations survived 2yrs online world compare to 49% ftf
78
what did McCutcheon 2002 develop
CAS= celebrity attitude scale
79
define a parasocial relationship
those which are similar to a 'normal' relation but lack a key element of the target member being unaware of the person creating the relation
80
what did maltby 2006 do
used CAS in large scale survey identifying three levels of parasocial relations
81
what are the 3 levels of parasocial relations
entertainment social- least intense intense personal- intermediate borderline pathological- strongest level
82
what is the entertainment social level
at this level celebs are seen as entertainment and fuel for social interaction giles 2002= parasocial relations are fruitful office gossip
83
what is the intense personal level
reflecting greater personal involvement in parasocial relation possible intense thoughts and feelings 'soulmate'
84
what is the borderline pathological level
featuring uncontrollable fantasies and extreme behaviour (spending large sum of money for celeb/stalking)
85
what is the absorption addiction model
mccutcheon 2002 linked 3 levels to deficiencies ppl have in their lives (low self esteem) someone with lowest level may be triggered to more intense level due to stressor from low self esteem
86
what are the two components of the absorption addiction model
absorption= seeking fulfilment in worship, motivates individual and focuses them, allowing them to identify with their celeb addiction= individual needs to increase their 'dose' to gain satisfaction leading to extreme behaviour and delusional thinking
87
what does the attachment theory suggest about parasocial relations
tendency to form parasocial in adolescence and adulthood due to attachment difficulties in early childhood
88
what did bowlby suggest about parasocial relations
early difficulties may lead to emotional troubles in later life
89
what did ainsworth 1979 suggest about parasocial relations
identified 2 attatchment types associated with unhealthy emotional development insecure avoidant/resistant insecure resistant= most likely to form most extreme parasocial relation
90
what research support is there for parasocial 3 levels
McCutcheon 2016 used CAS to measure levels also assessed partners problem with intimate relations borderline pathological/intense personal= high anxiety in intimate relations
91
what support is there for absorption model
research showing link to celeb worship and body image suggests deficiencies in body image= predispose them to parasocial relations maltby 2005 assessed boy n girls aged 14-16, mainly focused on girls who reported intense personal parasocial relations may contribute to eds
92
what support is there that parasocial relations explanation has universal tendency
it can explain why all people over the world have desire for parasocial relations Dinkha 2015= compared collectivist (Kuwait) vs individualist (US)

Psychology (10 decks)

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