Eating Behaviours Flashcards by Tehya Lovelock

what does classical conditioning suggest about the role of learning for food experiences

learning by association
- flavour/flavour learning

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what does operant condition suggest about the role of learning on food experiences

behaviour is shaped and maintained through positive and negative reinforcement
reinforced by parents

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what are the three main influences for food experience

social influence

cultural influence

media influence

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what does Vabo abd Hansen 2014 suggest about cultural influences of food experiences

we learn cultural food family values at table
powerful food preferences for what constitutes as a proper meal

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what did paul rozin suggest 1984

culture= most important influence

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what are the types of influence culture has on food experience

cultural norms and values
e.g. meat diet or vegetarian

we associate many foods we eat and enjoy as adults with feelings of safety and comfort

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what do psychologists suggest about the influence of media on food experience

as childeren get older and more independent from parents food choice, other models outside the family become more important

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what type of reinforcement is used in social influences for food experiences

vicarious reinforcement= learning indirectly

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what are the main social influences on food experience

family influences

peer influences

(media)

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how does the family influence food experience

parents= the gatekeeper of food preferences

children acquire food preferences of role models they observe, e.g. if they enjoy the food= identify as good food

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what does Leann Birch 1980 suggest about peer pressure influences

conducted a study in lunch room
each child (participant) placed next to 3 other children with different veg preferences
after 4 days participants changed veg preference

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what does Baeyens et al 1996 suggest about the role of learning in food experiences

lack of support for classical conditioning
asked students to taste untried flavours
study compared to sweet flavours
control group = flavours already tried
there was no difference in preferences towards new flavours

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what do Tenney and Jansen 2001 suggest about the role of learning in food preferences

support for SLT
gave childeren either energy-dense/energy-dilute yogurt drink never tried before
most prefered the energy-dense as teacher who tried it praised more when that yogurt was drunk

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what do Hare-Bruun 2011 suggest about media influences

support for short-term effects of media
powerful effects
studied 8-10 yr old, danish boys and girls
found kids who watched tv more had more unhealthy food preferences

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what does Milton 2008 suggest about preferences to meat

without animals it is unlikely that humans would have enough nutrition

fossil evidence for early humans having a meat based diet

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what do psychologists suggest about preferences to sweet foods

sweetness associated with high concentration of quickly available sugars and calories
EEA found this source in fruits
innate preference in order to keep energy

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what did Madella find in 2014

childeren with a preference to sweet vs salty foods were taller

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what is taste aversion

a learned response to eating toxic foods
first discovered by farmers trying to get rid of rats using rat poison

odour can also lead to taste aversion

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what is neophobia

a reluctance to trying new/unusual foods

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what did prescott 2013 suggest about neophobia

important survival strategy/innate fear of poisoning

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what does rozin 1997 suggest about neophobia

neophobia can be based on culture

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evaluate the evolutionary explanation for food preferences

+ genetic evidence for neophobia being an innate trait
~ Knaapila 2007, sample of 468 adult female twin pairs, [211 mz, 257 dz]
= 67% hereditability/ 2/3 variation of neophobia genetically determined

+ research support for sweet food preferences
~ childeren no need to develop sweet preferences early on
Bell et al 1973, Inupat tribe= no exposure earlier to sweet foods, showed acceptance to sweet foods

some food preference cannot be traced back to EEA
~ traits that are beneficial today not developed because of ancestors as some things beneficial to ancestor are toxic nowadays
Krebs 2009, found mismatch between evolved preferences and modern environments, global health pandemics due to mismatch

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what is hunger

signaling need for nutrients and energy they provide

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what is satiation

signaling satisfaction for those needs

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explain the role of the VMH and the LH in homeostasis

- dual center model

what is homeostasis

the balancing of bodily processes within certain limits

how does homeostasis influence eating behaviours

regulates glucose levels in the blood = main source of energy detected in the hypothalamus

what is the on switch for eating behaviours

lateral hypothalamus detects glucose in the liver activated when levels fall below certain level

what neuro transmitter is important for causing feeling of hunger

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

what happened to rats when they were injected with NPY

they will eat excessively and eventually become more obese as injections continue

what is known as the off switch for feelings of hunger

ventromedial hypothalamus

what happens is the VMH is damaged

eating past the point of satiety Reevs and Plum 1969 = women who doubled in weight due to tumor on VMH

what is ghrelin

hormone secreted by the stomach

what is the role of ghrelin

marker of how long since eaten, dependent on how empty stomach is

how does ghrelin affect our eating behaviour

more ghrelin released the longer we go without food ghrelin level detected by receptors called ARCUATE NUCLEUS in hypothalamus when levels above certain point signals LH to secrete NPY

what is leptin

hormone produced by adipose fat cells

where does leptin come from

detected in the brain via VMH

how does leptin affect our eating behaviours

leptin = apetite surpressant contributes to VMH when person is full

what did Licinio 2004 find about leptin

studied rare genetic condition where people cant produce leptin naturally = obesity

what is aphagia

a cessation of all eating behaviour and starvation

what caused aphagia in rats

Anand and Brobeck 1951, lesion rats LH, damage to the LH

what is hyperphagia

overeating causing obesity

what caused hyperphagia in rats

damage to VMH Hetherington and Ranson 1942

who suggested that the rats study was limited and why

Gold 1973 VMH not really what caused hyperphagia suggests that involves more than two brain centers

what other part of hypothalamus was also damaged

paraventricular nucleus

who suggests that there were more biological contributions than just the dual-centre model

Valassi et al 2008

what are the other biological processes valassi suggests is apart of eating behaviours

biochemicals, dopamine/serotonin excites or inhibits CCK, produced in upper intestine, activates nerves and sends signals from gastrointestinal tract to hypothalamus to stop eating

who suggests that LH centre deceting falls in glucose levels as a way of indicating hunger as outdated

Woods 2004 only occurs in severe cases of hunger severe energy deprivation

what does woods suggest instead

more controlled by social and cultural factors

name the genetic explanations for anorexia

candidate genes runs in families

what did the twin studies on anorexia running in families find

concordance rates MZ- 100% DZ- 50%

what did Anthony Holland 1988 find

45 pairs of female twins and one set of triplets 56% concordance rate of MZ only 5% DZ

what did Zeeland et al 2014 discover about candidate genes and its role in anorexia

carried out the candidate gene association study (CGAS) compared 1205 people with AN control group 1948 sequencing 152 genes suspect to contribute to AN only one gene significantly associated Ephx12 codes for enzyme controlling cholesterol metabolism

what are genome wide association studies (GWAS)

looks at entire collection of human genome rather than just individual ones

what did Boraska et al 2014 discover once performing a GWAS

5551 people AN 21080 matched control pps 72 separate genetic variations were identified

what is a limitation for the genetic twins study

lack validity twins share same environment but dz may not share the same environment to the extent that mz do dz twins treated less similar to one another

what is the strength of the genetic explanations for AN

polygenic basis genetic research highlighted true genetic nature of AN EVAL XTRA = DIATHESIS STRESS MODEL

name the neural explanations for AN

neurotransmitters serotonin- low levels dopamine- low levels

what did Bailer and Kaye 2011 discover about serotonin

found low levels of 5-HIAA serotonin in people with AN these levels return to norm in short term recovery higher in long term recovery

what did attia et al 2014 discover about serotonin patients

patients not returning to pre-illness weight responded less well to drugs that stimulate the serotonin