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Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is conformity?

A

A change in behaviour as a result of real or imagined pressure from other people or groups.

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2
Q

Types of conformity.

A

Compliance-shallowest level
Identification-intermediate level
Internalisation-deepest level

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3
Q

ISI

A

Informational social influence.
When youre uncertain of what to do in a situation so you look to others to gain info by seeing what theyre doing.

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4
Q

NSI

A

Normative social influence.
When you decided to go along with the opinion of the majority to avoid being rejected and gain social approval.

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5
Q

What does NSI lead to?

A

Compliance

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6
Q

what is Compliance?

A

When someone carrys out actions to fit into a group but doesnt continue when away from the group.

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7
Q

Identification

A

When we choose to act the same way as a group as theres something in the group we value.

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8
Q

What does ISI lead to?

A

Internalisation

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9
Q

Internalistion

A

When a person chsnges how they think to be the same as the rest of the group when they go away, still think the same.

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10
Q

Agentic state.

A

When you carry out someone elses instructions so you dont take any blame for your actions.

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11
Q

Asch- 1956 Aim

A

He was interested in why people conform and set out to discover what facors affect peoples conformity.
He beleived that it was the situation that they were in which caused them to act the way they do- situational theory of conformity.

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12
Q

Asch- Inequality in gender and race

A

Experiment only done on male american uni students- all white.

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13
Q

Asch- procedure

A

5 stooges were told to give the wrong answer and one person was tested to see whether they would conform or not.
They were shown two large white cards at a time, one card had a ‘standard line’ and on the other was three more ‘comparison lines’, one of the lines was the same length as the standard- the others were different.
Confederates told to give the wrong answer.

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14
Q

Asch- findings

A

Participants gave the wrong answer 36.8% of the time.
When participants were asked after they would say they conformed to avoid rejection-NSI.

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15
Q

What were Asch’s three variations?

A

Group size
Unamity
Task Difficulty

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16
Q

Group size

A

With three confederates , conformity rose to 31.8%- sugests a small majority isnt sufficient for influence to be exherted however there isnt any need for more then 3.

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17
Q

Unamity

A

Presence of another non-conforming person led to reduced conformity-25%

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18
Q

Task Difficulty

A

Conformity increased when task dificulty did.

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19
Q

What were the three problems with Asch’s experiment?

A

Bad acting.
Science.
Lying.

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20
Q

Bad acting

A

Participants could figure out it was not real makig the results inaccurate.

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21
Q

Science

A

Exp done on men which shows women might be more conforming as they care more about social relationships-men donet care so much.
The tast is artificial.

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22
Q

Lying

A

Asch told them it was a line perception test but it was testing conformity -makes it unethical.

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23
Q

What did Zimbardo want to find out?

A

To investigate the effect of strong established social roles have upon the actions of people within that setting.

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24
Q

Where did Zimbardo conduct his study?

A

The psychology basement of Stanford uni

25
Q

Procedure- Stanford prison experiment

A

Converted the basement of the stanford university psychology building into a mock prison.
Each applicant was tested to ensure they were mentally stable and were randomly assigned roles of prisoner and guard.
Prisoners given realistic arrest at home- fingerprinted,stripped,deloused and given uniforms with a number not their name- anymonous.
Guards uniforms= mirrored shades,clubs and handcuffs.

26
Q

Zimbardos findings

A

Prisoners and guards conformed to social roles quickly.
On the second day prisoners went against the guards, locked themselves in their rooms so the guards stripped them naked and took their beds.

27
Q

What were Zimbardos conclusions?

A

Situational environments can radically change the behaviour of previously stable indiviuals.

28
Q

What were strengths of Zimbardo’s exp?

A

It altered the way US prisons are run so it is valid.
90% of the prisoners conversations were recorded and only 10% of them discussed life outside the prison. This shows they reacted to the situation as though it was real.

29
Q

What were weaknesses if Zimbardo’s exp?

A

Demand charecteristics could explain the findings,most of the guards said they were just acting- study has low ecological validity.
Lacks population validity-only done on white,US,males.

30
Q

What did Milgram do, with who and where?

A

Study into obedience- looks at how people follow instructions even when they’re uncomfortable with them.
40 young males.
Yale University.

31
Q

Milgram- Procedure

A

Labratory exp
Learner was strapped to a chair, teacher told to give the learner an increasingly higher electric shock when they answer a multiple choice question wrong.
Shock level went from 15-450V
Exp used prods like ‘please continue’.

32
Q

Milgrams findings

A

No participants stopped below 300V, 12.5% stopped at 300, 65% continued onto the highest voltage of 450V
In a follow up questionaire 84% of participants reported they were glad to have taken part.

33
Q

What were Milgrams variations?

A

Proximity to victim
Location
Uniform

34
Q

Percentage of obedient p pants in variations-Milgram

A

Yale- 65%
Run down office building-47.5%
Teacher and learner in the same room-40%
Experimenter played b y member of the public-20%

35
Q

What is the situational theory of obedience?

A

Suggested that it is the situation that we find ourselves in that determines whether we obey or disobey

36
Q

What does Autonomous state mean?

A

When you act independantely of your own free will and you take for your own actions.

37
Q

What did Mandel do?

A

Proved Milgrams theory was incorrect.
He analysed diaries of Polish police force who cleared out Jewish Ghettos.

38
Q

What did Mandel find?

A

Proximity to victim did not apply as they still killed them.
Proximity to authority figure did not apply as they still killed even when not around their boss.

39
Q

What was Adorno’s explanation for obedience?

A

He argued that high levels of obedience were due to dispositional factors and that a high level of obedience is a psychological disorder (authoritarian personality)

40
Q

How did Adorno study the authoritarian personality?

A

Questionaires
He developed the F-scale

41
Q

What are the Authoritarian traits?

A

Ethnocentism- tendency to favour ones ethnic group
Obsession with rank and status
Respect for and submissiveness to authority figures

42
Q

What is an autominous personality?

A

They believe they are in control of their life, they’ll obey when they feel is right

43
Q

What is Social Support?

A

When we see others resist social influence this reduces the pressure to obey or conform

44
Q

How did Asch’s research support the social support explanantion?

A

Unanimity variation
When the unanimity increased conformity dropped from 32-5.5%

45
Q

What was Rotter’s Locus Of Control?

A

Rotter suggests LOC is a factor of personality-what controls their lives.
Can be measured on a scale from high internal LOC to high external LOC

46
Q

What is high internal LOC?

A

Ability to resist SI pressure

46
Q

What is high external LOC?

A

Leave things to fate

47
Q

What is a support for LOC? (Holland)

A

Holland repeated Milgrams baseline study and measured whether people were internal or external.
37% of internals did not continue to highest shock level
23% of externals did not either
Increases validity to LOC explanation

48
Q

What is a weakness of LOC? (Twenge et al)

A

Analysed data from American obedience studies over a 40 yr period which showed over time people become more resistant to obedience but also more external.
This challenges the link between internal LOC and increasing resistant behaviour

49
Q

Minority Influence-CCF
What were they?

A

Consistency
Committment
Flexibility

50
Q

What is meant by consistency?

A

The minority group demonstrates they’re confident in their view.

51
Q

What is meant by committment?

A

By being willing to suffer for their beliefs the minority will take them seriously.

52
Q

What is meant by Flexibility?

A

If the minority is willing to compromise on their ideas

53
Q

What is meant by The Snowball effect?

A

Over time the minority group starts to grow slowly at first but as it gets larger the rate of new support goes up

54
Q

What is meant by Social Cryptomnesia?

A

Allows the majority to ‘forget’ their previous beliefs and to accept the new status quo.

55
Q

What was Moscovici’s aim and procedure?

A

Aim- to investigate the effects of a consistent minority on a majority
Procedure- 4 participants and 2 confederates were shown 36 slides with clear shades of blue and told to state the colour alloud

56
Q

What were Moscovicis findings?

A

In the first part of the experiment, 2 confederates answered green for each slide (consistent)
In the second part of the experiment they recalled green 24 times and blue 12 times (inconsistent)

57
Q

What were Moscovisi’s results?

A

The consistent minority had an effect on the majority (8.42%) compared to an inconsistent minority (1.25% said green) Control group (0.25%)

Psych (7 decks)

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