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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four definitions for abnormality?

A

Statistical infrequency
Deviation from social norms
Failure to function adequetly
Deviation from social norms

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2
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

Thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual

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3
Q

What are weaknesses of statistical infrequency?

A

Many very gifted individuals could be classed as abnormal
Many rare behaviours have no connection to normality/abnormality

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4
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A

Thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules of what’s expected.

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5
Q

What is a strength of deviation of social norms?

A

It is easy to detect people who are suffering with a mental health illness and to then give help

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6
Q

What are weaknesses of deviation from social norms?

A

They can be abused-minority views can be classed as abnormal
Context or degree of deviation
Cultural relatism

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7
Q

What does failure to function adequetly mean?

A

A person who isn’t capable of coping with the demands of day to day life

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8
Q

What charecteristics did Rosenham and Seligman suggest?

A

Suffering
Maladaptiveness (danger to self)
Vividness (stands out)
Unpredictability and loss of control
Irrationalilty
Causes observer comfort
Violates moral/social standards

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9
Q

What is a strength of Rosenham and Seligmans charecteristics?

A

Provides a checklist of behaviour which can be used to clearly identify someone who has a mental illness

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10
Q

What is Jahoda’s definition of deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Rather than defining what is abnormal we define what is normal/ideal.

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11
Q

What are the usual charecteristics necessary for mental health?

A

Positive view of yourself
Capability for growth n development
Autonomy and independance
Accurate perception of reality
Positive relationships/friendship
Environmental mastery-day to day situations

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12
Q

Strength and weakness of the charecteristics for mental health?

A

Strength- provides a target of behaviours to work towards
Weakness- too many criteria

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13
Q

What is a phobia?

A

A phobia is a fear of something that is out of proportion to the threat it actually bears you

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14
Q

What did the DSM recigonise?

A

Three types of phobias:
Specific phobia
Social phobia
Agoraphobia

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15
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A

Phobia of an object, animal, body part or situation

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16
Q

What is a social phobia?

A

(anxiety)
Phobia of a situation such as public speaking

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17
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Phobia of being outside or in a public place

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18
Q

What are behavioural, emotional and cognitive charecteristics?

A

Behavioural- what they do
Emotional- how they feel
Cognitive- how they think

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19
Q

Behavioural charecteristics of phobias

A

Panic
Avoidance
Endurance

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20
Q

Emotional charecteristic of phobias

A

Anxiety

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21
Q

Cognitive charecteristics

A

Problems with selective attention
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortions

22
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

You develop irrational thought processes which lead your behaviour to be innappropriate for the stimulus.
As this continues your thought process gets more and more distorted.

23
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach?

A

Phobias are caused by unresolved issues burried deep in your subconsious mind.

24
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through forming accociations

25
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through reinforcement.

26
Q

What was the case of Little Albert?

A

Using classical conditioning Watson and Rayner made a little boy afraid of anything white and fluffy.
They did it by making a loud noise every time he was presented with a white rat.

27
Q

What are the two methods of treating phobias?

A

Flooding
Systematic Desensitisation

28
Q

What is flooding?

A

The person is kept in their phobic situation until their calm.

29
Q

What is a support for flooding?

A

It works fast.

30
Q

What are two criticisms of flooding?

A

It isn’t very good at treating complex phobias e.g social.
It’s traumatic.

31
Q

What is the first stage of systematic desensitisation?

A

The patient is taught a deep muscle relaxation technique and breathing exercises. Important because of reciprocal inhibition.

32
Q

What is the second stage if systematic desensitisation?

A

The patient creates a fear hierarchy starting at stimuli that create the least anxiety and building up in stages to the most fear provoking images.

33
Q

What is the third stage of systematic desensitisation?

A

The patient works their way up the fear hierarchy, starting with the least unpleasant to the most unpleasant until they are comfortable with it.

34
Q

What are strengths of systematic desesitisation?

A

More effective for people with learning difficulties.
Patients prefer it.
Effective in the treatment of specific phobias- Gilroy et al.

35
Q

What was the study of Little Peter?

A

An orphan called ‘little peter’ had a fear of rabbits- Jones came up with a method to help him get over his fear.
The rabbit was placed on the opposite die of the room than Peter and Peter was given food. When he waas happy and eating, they moved the rabbit closer-eventually he was happy with the rabbit.

36
Q

What are the behavioural charectoristics of depression?

A

Activity levels=low.
Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour.
Aggression and self-harm.

37
Q

What are the emotional charectoristics of depression?

A

Low mood
Anger
Low self-esteem

38
Q

What are the cognitive charectoristics of depression?

A

Poor concentration
Attending to and dwelling on the negative
Abserloutist thinking- black and white

39
Q

DSM- 5 categories of depression.

A

Major depressive disorder- severe but short term.
Persistent depressive disorder-long term or reccurring depression.
Disruptive mood dysreguylation- childhood temper tantrums.
Premenstural dysphoric disorder- disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstration

40
Q

DSM-5 catergories of OCD.

A

OCD- charectorised either by obsessions or compulsions
Trichotillomania- hair pulling
Hoarding disorder- gathering posessions
Excoriation disorder- skin picking

41
Q

What is the cognitive explanation for Depression? Beck

A

Faulty information processing- looking at the negative aspects of a situation
Negative self schemas
The negative triad- Negative view of the world,the self and the future

42
Q

What was Ellis’ explanation for depression?

A

ABC
Activating event
Beliefs
Concequences

43
Q

What are the cognitive ways of treating Depression?

A

Becks Cognitive Therapy-aims to identify negative thoughts and challenge them
Ellis’s REBT-aims to identify and challenge irrational beliefs by argument
Behavioural activation-includes aspects from CBT and CT but also behavioural techniques

44
Q

What are the behavioural charectoristics of OCD?

A

Compulsions- compulsions are repetitive and they reduce anxiety
Avoidance-try to reduce anxiety by avoiding situations that cause it

45
Q

What are the emotional charectoristics of OCD?

A

Anxiety and distress
Accompanying depression
Guilt and disgust

46
Q

What are the cognitive charectoristics of OCD?

A

Obsessive thoughts
Cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions
Insight to excessive anxiety

47
Q

What are the genetic explanations for OCD?

A

Candidate genes- genes that may be involved in producing symptoms of OCD
OCD is plygenic- different genes involved not just one
Different types of OCD- different combinations of of gene variations may cause different kinds of OCD

48
Q

What are the biological explanations for OCD?

A

Seretonin-low levels
Decision making systems-Frontal lobes and parahippocampal gyras may be malfunctioning

49
Q

What is the biological approach to treating OCD?

A

Drug therapy
SSRI’s-antidepressants that increase the level of seritonin at the synapse
Combining SSRI’s with other treatments=CBT

50
Q

Evaluations of treatments of OCD.

A

Effective in tackling symptoms
Cost-effective
Can have side effects-Indigestion,blurred vision and loss of sex drive

Psych (7 decks)

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