Approaches

Question 1

Who founded the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud

Question 2

What two parts of the brain did Freud introduce?

Answer 2

Subconscious and Conscious

Question 3

Freuds theory of personality- What three stages is the subconscious mind broken into?

Answer 3

The ID
The Ego
The Super Ego

Question 4

What is the ID?

Answer 4

Our wants and desires, when we’re born we are just pure ID

Question 5

What is The Ego?

Answer 5

Manages the demands of our ID with the requirements of our super ego

Question 6

What is the Super Ego?

Answer 6

Our sense of morality and what is right and wrong and develops between 3-6 years old as part of are complex resolution

Question 7

What was Freuds theory of development called?

Answer 7

The psychosexual theory of development

Question 8

What were the 5 stages which you must progress through in order to not have issues later on?

Answer 8

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Question 9

What are two supports for the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 9

Freuds theories have been applied to many areas and offer explanations for almost all areas of human experience.
This was the first approach that offered any hope of improvement for anyone whom suffered from any condition, which before would’ve meant a lifetime of institutional care.

Question 10

What are two weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 10

The theory is unfalsifiable- we cant prove it correct or incorrect and must believe in it.
The overreliance on case studies- the main evidence base is that of case studies , which compared to modern methods often lack a lot of credibility as they aren’t particularly scientific.

Question 11

What was the main idea of the Behaviourists approach?

Answer 11

The only things worth studying are directly observable and there are no theories about things we can’t observe

Question 12

Which two processes allow us to learn?- behaviourist approach

Answer 12

Operant and Classical conditioning

Question 13

Who founded the Social Learning theory?

Answer 13

Albert Bandura

Question 14

What did Bandura (social learning theory) suggest in the way in which we learn things?

Answer 14

We can learn by direct AND indirect experience.

Question 15

What is meant by the term ‘Role Models’?

Answer 15

The different range of people we learn things from, peers ,parents ,TV characters.

Question 16

What is ‘Vicarious Reinforcement’?

Answer 16

When watching a role model perform an action and be rewarded in some way we too sense a feeling of reward.

Question 17

What is ‘Imitation’?

Answer 17

When at a later date we are put in the same situation we seek to carry out the same action as the role model.

Question 18

What are the 4 thought based factors that decide whether we imitate behaviours?

Answer 18

1-Attention
2-Retention
3-Motor Reproduction
4-Motivation

Question 19

What are supports for the social learning theory?

Answer 19

Supported by Banduras Bobo doll study- findings explicitly showed that children learn through observing others.
Can explain the difference across cultures- as people are consistently learning from those around them
Start to acknowledge cognitive factors- acceptance that thought processes happen (step in the right direction).

Question 20

What were weaknesses of the social learning theory?

Answer 20

Over reliance on laboratory experiments to prove it correct- lack validity as they’re so artificially constructed, causing the theory to have low validity itself.
Fails to account for biological factors-such as the impact of testosterone on aggression levels.
Still doesn’t fully display the importance of our thought processes.

Question 21

What was the aim of Banduras Bobo Doll study?

Answer 21

To discover whether aggression was being caused by observation.

Question 22

Who were the participants of Banduras Bobo study?

Answer 22

72 nursery children from the US

Question 23

What was the procedure of the Bobo Doll study?

Answer 23

Children were split into 3 groups of 24 and shown a video of an adult playing with a bobo doll in which they kicked and punched it. The different conditions for the groups were;

1) 24 children saw the model being rewarded for the way they played with the doll
2) 24 children saw the adult be told off for the way they played with the doll
3) the model was neither punished or rewarded for the way they played with the doll
They were put in a room with the doll and other toys with their behaviour being recorded.

Question 24

What were the findings of the Bobo study?

Answer 24

Children who observed the aggressive model made far more imitative aggressive responses rather than those who were in non aggressive or control groups.

Question 25

What was found with the girls and boys in the Bobo study?

Answer 25

The girls in the aggressive model condition also showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbal aggressive responses if the model was female. However, the exception to this general pattern was the observation of how often they punched Bobo, and in this case the effects of gender were reversed.

Boys were more likely to imitate same-sex models than girls. The evidence for girls imitating same-sex models is not strong.

Boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls. There was little difference in the verbal aggression between boys and girls.

Question 26

What did Noble say which posed a problem for the Bobo study?

Answer 26

Noble (1975) reported that on one of the video recordings he heard a little boy say;
‘Look Mommy there’s a doll we have to hit’
Demand characteristics- they knew what they had to do

Question 27

What are supports of the Bobo doll study?

Answer 27

+ Experiments are the only means by which cause and effect can be established. Thus, it could be demonstrated that the model did have an effect on the child’s subsequent behaviour because all variables other than the independent variable are controlled.
+ It allows for precise control of variables. Many variables were controlled, such as the gender of the model, the time the children observed the model, the behaviour of the model and so on.
+ Experiments can be replicated. Standardized procedures and instructions were used, allowing for replicability. In fact the study has been replicated with slight changes, such as using video and similar results were found (Bandura, 1963)

Question 28

What are weaknesses of the Bobo doll study?

Answer 28

• Many psychologists are very critical of laboratory studies of imitation, in particular because they tend to have low ecological validity. The situation involves the child and an adult model, which is a very limited social situation and there is no interaction between the child and the model at any point; certainly the child has no chance to influence the model in any way. Also the model and the child are strangers. This, of course, is quite unlike ‘normal’ modelling, which often takes place within the family.
• Cumberbatch (1990) found that children who had not played with a Bobo Doll before were 5 times as likely to imitate the aggressive behaviour than those who were familiar with it; novelty value of the doll makes it more likely that children will imitate the behaviour.
• With such snap shot studies, we cannot discover if such a single exposure can have long-term effects.
• Unethical. children could of suffered long-term consequences as a result of the study. Although it is unlikely, we can never be certain.

Question 29

What does the Cognitive approach say is key?

Answer 29

Our thought processes.

Question 30

Due to not being able to observe thought processes how can we see them?

Answer 30

Either devise experiments to show what is happening or ask people what they are thinking which both require us to make inferences.

Question 31

What are Theoretical models?

Answer 31

Use language and concepts of computers, such as coding or processing to explain how information is processed though our thoughts.

Question 32

What is a schema?

Answer 32

Schemas are an important part of cognitive theories, with us being born with some innate schema that link to movement such as sucking, and then over our life time developing ever more complex situations, preventing us form experiencing to much at once.

Question 33

What are some problems with schemas?

Answer 33

They make us fallible, resulting in incorrect assumptions, faulty thought processes and perceptual errors, all of which the cognitive approach would suggest are reason for abnormality.

Question 34

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 34

The idea that the mental processes that have been identified by the cognitive approach must come from somewhere in the brain.

Question 35

What can fMRI and PET scans help us do?

Answer 35

Map the levels of activity in different areas of the brain.

Question 36

What region of the brain is said to be located in the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 36

Working memory.

Question 37

What are two supports of Cognitive neuroscience?