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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is the founder of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

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2
Q

What does the psychodynamic approach suggest about how the mind is split up?

A

Subconscious and Conscious mind

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3
Q

What does the subconscious mind do?

A

Dictates our actions

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4
Q

What 3 parts is the subconscious mind broken down into?
(Freud)

A

The ID
The Ego
The Super Ego

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5
Q

What is the ID?

A

Our wants and desires, when we are born we are pure ID

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6
Q

What is the Ego?

A

Manages the demands of our ID with the requirements of the super ego. It’s what the person is aware of when they think about themselves. Decision making part of the personality.

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7
Q

What is the Super Ego?

A

Our sense of morality and what is right and wrong.

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8
Q

What is Freuds theory of development referred to?

A

Freuds psychosexual stages of development.

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9
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Oral- feeding, thumb sucking
Anal- bowel and bladder control
Phallic- child notices differences between male & female
Latency- child continues development but sexual urges are quiet
Genital- child learns to act maturely with the opposite sex

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10
Q

In which stage do children overcome the Oedipus and Electra complex?

A

Phallic stage

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11
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

The attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious and aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex. These feelings are largely repressed (ie. made unconscious) because of the fear of displeasure or punishment by the parent of the same sex. Oedipus=boys

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12
Q

What is the Electra complex?

A

Female version of Oedipus complex.
The attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious and aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex. These feelings are largely repressed (ie. made unconscious) because of the fear of displeasure or punishment by the parent of the same sex.

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13
Q

What are supports for the Psychodynamic approach?

A

+Freuds theories have been applied to many areas and offer explanations for almost all areas in human experience. Its focus upon our childhood as a time which shapes us as people was revolutionary.
+This was the first approach that offered any hope of improvement for anyone whom suffered from any form of condition, which before would have meant institutional care.

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14
Q

What are criticisms for the Psychodynamic approach?

A

-The theory is unfalsifiable, we cant prove it correct or incorrect we have to believe. This undermines the point of psych being a science.
-The over reliance upon case studies. Most of the evidence comes from studies which often lack the scientific level we require.
-Rejects the idea of free will and suggests that all of our actions are determined by underlying factors that we have no control over.

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15
Q

What does defence mechanisms mean?

A

When we have negative experiences we need some way to deal with them so we use defence mechanisms.

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16
Q

What are the 6 defence mechanisms?

A

Repression
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Displacement
Regression
Sublimation

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17
Q

What is Repression?

A

An unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious.

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18
Q

What is Denial?

A

Blocking external events from awareness. If a situation is too much to handle then the person refuses to experience it.

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19
Q

What is Projection?

A

Involves individuals attributing their own acceptable thoughts, feelings and motives onto another person.

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20
Q

What is Displacement?

A

Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object

21
Q

What is Regression?

A

A movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress, e.g sucking your thumb

22
Q

What is Sublimation?

A

Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object but in a socially acceptable way

23
Q

What are some ways in which the psychodynamic approach can be applied in the real world?

A

Psychoanalytic therapy
Dream analysis
Hypnosis
Free association

24
Q

What approach does the Learning theory come from?

A

The Behaviourist approach

25
Q

What are the key assumptions of the Learning Theory?

A

The only things worth studying are things that are directly observable.
We are born as a clean slate and everything is learnt through direct experience of the world.

26
Q

Which two processes allow us to learn?

A

Operant and Classical Conditioning

27
Q

What is BF Skinners operant conditioning?

A

BF Skinner realised that people and animals can both learn though the same process, reinforcement or punishment, which he called operant conditioning .
If they carry out an action and are reward in some way ( positive reinforcement) or avoid something unpleasant ( negative reinforcement) then you will repeat it in the future.
If you are punished or the reinforcement stop happening, you will stop doing the behaviour.

28
Q

What is Pavlov’s classical conditioning?

A

People and animals can learn through association. By presenting stimulus that you have a response to already with stimulus that you have no response to at the same time you learn to give the same response for both stimulus because they have associated the two stimulus together.

29
Q

What is Token economy?

A

When people are rewarded for something by being given a ‘token’. This is used to treat anorexics and schizophrenia.

30
Q

Why doesn’t token economy work outside of institutions?

A

People become over- reliant on the tokens making it difficult for them to adjust to society once they leave the hospitals etc

31
Q

What are supports for the Learning theory?

A

+scientifically credible
+can be applied to real life

32
Q

What are criticisms for the Learning Theory?

A

-Overly mechanical, doesn’t consider the thought processes just the actions
-Doesn’t allow for free will, says all our actions are governed by the situation we are in and past learning
-Ethics behind using animal studies

33
Q

Who founded the Social Learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

34
Q

What did Bandura suggest about how we learn?

A

We can learn by both direct and indirect experience. Watching others and seeing what happens to them when they carry out an action.

35
Q

What are Role models?

A

People that we identify with and we look to them to see how we should act.

36
Q

What is Vicarious Reinforcement?

A

When watching a role model get rewarded for an action, we too feel a sense of reward.
They have Modelled s behaviour for us to copy.

37
Q

What is Imitation?

A

When at a later date we are put in a similar situation to our role model we seek to carry out the same action.

38
Q

What are Mediational Processes?

A

4 thought based factors which determine whether or not we carry out an action

39
Q

What are the 4 Mediational Processes?

A

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

40
Q

What are supports for the Social Learning Theory?

A

+Can explain differences across cultures
+Starting to acknowledge cognitive factors
+Less determinist

41
Q

What are criticisms of the Social Learning Theory?

A

-Over reliance upon laboratory experiments to prove it correct, lacks ecological, construct and external validity with demand characteristics being a problem too
-Fails to account for biological factors

42
Q

What was Banduras Bobo Doll Study?

A

Used 72 US nursery children
Children were split into 3 groups of 24. All three watched a video of a adult playing with a bobo doll ( a self-righting doll) in which the adult kicked and punched the doll. They were the out into a play room with ta variety of toys, including a bobo doll, and their actions recorded on video and then later carefully assessed.

43
Q

What were the three conditions in the Bobo Doll Study?

A

1) 24 Children saw the model being rewarded for the way they played with the doll.
2) 24 Children saw a second adult telling off the model for the way they played with the doll.
3) 24 The model was neither punished nor rewarded for the way they played with the doll.

44
Q

What were the findings of the Bobo Doll Study?

A

Children who observed the aggressive model made far more imitative aggressive responses than those who were in the non-reward or control groups.

45
Q

What were the different findings between girls and boys in the Bobo Doll Study?

A

The girls in the aggressive model condition showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbal aggressive responses if the model was female.
Boys were more likely to imitate same-sex models than girls. The evidence for girls imitating same-sex models is not strong. Boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls. There was little difference in the verbal aggression between boys and girls.

46
Q

What did Noble (1975) report?

A

In one of the recordings for the Bobo Doll Study he heard the little boy say ‘Look mommy there’s the doll we have to hit’

47
Q

What are supports for the Bobo Doll Study?

A

+Experiments can be replicated. Standardized procedures and instructions were used allowing replicability.
+Allows for precise control of variables. Many variables were controlled

48
Q

What are criticisms for the Bobo Doll Study?

A

-Many psychologists are critical of laboratory studies because they lack ecological validity
-Cumberbatch (1990) found that children who had not played with a bobo doll before were 5 times as likely to imitate the aggressive behaviour as they didn’t know what else to do
-Unethical. Children could have suffered long term consequences

49
Q
A

Psych (7 decks)

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