Social Influence Flashcards
Difference between obedience and conformity
Obedience- person giving order authority figure of higher status- power to exert consequences. Overt influence states what require
Conformity- majority same status but exert influence by power of numbers. Subtle influence, individuals may be unaware subjected to conformity pressures
Asch, year
1951
Asch ppts
50 male college students from pennsylvania
7 in each group incl one naive
Asch findings
75% conformed atleast once
Avg rate 32%
5% conformed all 12
Control group error rate 0.04%
Group size asch 1956
1 confederate 3%
12.8% 2 confederates
32% 3 confederates
Unanimity
When one correctly went against 5.5%
When one incorrectly went against 9%
Task difficulty
Greater comformity due to nsi
Cultural versions of asch findings
Smith et al 2006
Individualist cultures avg 25%
Collectivist eg asia 37%
Zimbardo year
1973
Zimbardo ppts
24 psychologically healthy white middle class us male students
What is the apa and bps
American psychological association british psychological association
Recognition formal ethical guidelines studies must now undergo extensive reviews but ethics committees
Due to zimbardo
Milgram year
1963
Milgram ppts
40 males between 20 and 50
Milgram findings
100% 300 v
65% 450 v
12.5% stopped 300v
Cultural obedience rates
Kilham and Mann. Obedience rates 40% in Australia
Mantell. 85% Germany
Support legitimate authority
Uniform
Bickman new york study
Guard: 76% obey
Milkman: 47%
Normal: 30%
Milgram proximity
Same room 40%
Hold hand 30%
Instructions over phone 20.5%
Location milgram
Run down office building
47%
Milgram uniform
When replaced with everday clothes dropped to 20%
Research support authoritarian personality
Elms and Milgram 1966
Found ppts from original study obedient ones ranked higher on f scale
Supports social support
Asch and dissenter
Variation of milgram where they watched two confederates disobey and obedience rates dropped to 10%
Support locus of control
Holland 1967 repeated milgram and measured if ppts had internal or external locus of control
37% of those with internal locus of control didn’t continue to 450 but only 23% external didn’t
Oliner and oliner 1988
Interviewed two groups non jewish who had lived through holocaust in nazi germany
406 who had rescued jews compared with 126 who hadn’t
Rescuers had strong internal locus of control
Minority influence processes
Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility
Support and flexibility
Nemeth 1986 created groups 3 ppts and 1 confederate who had to decide how much to pay victim of ski lift accident
When confederate argued for low amount and refused to change position had no effect on majority
When shifted to slightly higher amount majority went slightly lower
Support consistency
Moscovici found when 4 naive ppts placed with 2 confederates and asked to state colour of number of slides(all blue) when ppts consistently stated slides green for all 36 they managed to convince majority on 8.42% of trials but in another condition 24/36 only 1.25%
How does social change occur
Snowball effect
Social cryptoamnesia
