Psychopathology Flashcards
Definitions of abnormality
Deviation from ideal mental health, failure to function adequately, statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms
Who developed systematic desensitisation
Wolpe 1958
Who supports systematic desensitisation and why
Barlow et al 2002 found effective 60-90% simple phobias
Who supports flooding and why
Ost 1997 flooding delivers rapid and immediate improvements
Who supports cognitive explanations depression
Koster 2005 presented ppts positive negative or neutral words and had to indicate where on screen was presented. Ppts with depressive symptoms slower to react negative
Cbt techniques
Empirical disputing
Logical disputing
Reality testing,
Pragmatic disputing
what is empirical disputing
Where is the proof?
Who supports cbt
Hollon found 40% patients relapsed in twelve months after course cbt, compared 45% drug and 80% placebo
% of close relatives with ocd vs whole population
10% vs 2%
Candidate genes ocd
Genes creating vulnerability for ocd
Sert- faulty means low levels serotonin in brain
Compt- responsible producing enzymes regulate function dopamine
Support genetic ocd
Nesdadt 2010 68% mz twins
31% dz
Components worry circuit
Orbitofrontal cortex sends signals to caudate nucleus, interprets them and then to thalamus and back to ofc. Ofc switches off worry signal. In ocd caudate nucleus damaged so doesn’t suppress minor worry signals so thalamus alerted too often
Support neural
PET scans when actively experiencing signals showed higher activity levels in OFC
Support SSRIs
Soomro analysed 17 studies comparing ssris to placebos. Effective in reducing symptoms in 70%. In other 30% other drug treatments or psychological therapies worked
Issue neural ocd
Identified retrospectively
