Schizophrenia

Question 1

Icd criteria

Answer 1

2 negative symptoms 1 month

Question 2

Dsm criteria

Answer 2

1 positive 6 months

Question 3

Evidence lack
Inter rater reliability

Answer 3

Cheniaux et al 2009 had 2 psychiatrists independently diagnose 100 patients using DSM and ICD
One diagnosed 26 with sz using dsm and 44 using icd
One diagnosed 13 dsm and 24 icd

Question 4

Lack test retest reliability

Answer 4

Read 2004 found test retest reliability rates of 37% for sz

Question 5

Children with 2 sz parents

Answer 5

46% chance developing

Question 6

Children 1 sz parent

Answer 6

13%

Question 7

Children with sz sibling

Answer 7

9%

Question 8

First degree relatives

Answer 8

Kendler et al 1958 found those with first degree relative sufferers 18x more likely to develop than rest population

Question 9

Previous studies using whole genome

Answer 9

Ripke et al comparing sufferers to control found 108 genetic variations associated with increased risk sz
Showed genes often related to neurotransmitter function eg dopamine

Question 10

Twin study concordance rates

Answer 10

Most produce figures of about 48% mz twins and 17% dz

Question 11

Adoption studies

Answer 11

Gottesman and shields used maudsley twin register and found 58% concordance twins raised apart

Question 12

Hyperdopaminergia

Answer 12

High levels dopamine in subcortical regions can lead positive symptoms

Question 13

Hypodipaminergia

Answer 13

Low levels prefrontal cortex linked negative symptoms

Question 14

Supports typical antipsychotics

Answer 14

Davis et al meta analysis 29 studies found when replaced with placebo 55% relapse rate vs 19% stay on drug

Question 15

Antipsychotics

Answer 15

Meltzer found effective in 30-59% drug resistant cases

Question 16

Family dysfunction

Answer 16

Read et al found 69% adult female in patients had history of sexual or physical abuse
And 59% for males

Question 17

Cbt support

Answer 17

Zimmerman meta analysis 14 studies cbt significantly reduced positive symptoms

Question 18

Interactionist treatment

Answer 18

Hogarty lower relapse rate those receiving social support family therapy and drug treatment

Question 19

Comorbidity

Answer 19

Buckley assesed people with sz and found 50% had depression

Question 20

Culture bias

Answer 20

Keith 1.4% white Americans
2.1% African Americans lack consistency
Escobar general distrust

Question 21

Culture bias

Answer 21

Keith 1.4% white Americans
2.1% African Americans lack consistency
Escobar general distrust

Question 22

Gender bias

Answer 22

Cotton masking