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Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Conformity

A

Compliance
Identification
Internalisation

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2
Q

Lowest for of Conformity

A

Compliance
“Going along with others” in public.
Superficial change in which changes publically but not privately

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3
Q

Middle type of conformity

A

Identification
Publically change behaviour but don’t agree privately.
Usually because we identify with the group.

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4
Q

Highest type of conformity

A

Internalisation
View change privately and publically as person accepts the groups norms. Change is likely to be permanent

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5
Q

Explanations of conformity

A

Informative social influence
Normative social influence

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6
Q

ISI

A

Conforming to be right
Who has better information, individual or the group, conformity will happen because the individual fears being wrong.

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7
Q

NSI

A

Conformity to fit in.
Fear of rejection causes individual to conform to the group so they can fit in.

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8
Q

Ao3 of conformity explanations

A

•Research supp. Lucas et al more conformity to harder math ?s.
•Individual diff. Perrin & Spencer less conformity with educated engineering students.
•Indiv diff. McGhee & Teevan found students who cared about being liked conformed more.
•Research supp. Asch ptsps self-conscious and gave answer of group. Asked to write down answer conformity drop to 12.5%.
•Real world app. Nolan et al ptps said neighbours had least impact. Found they had most. Most underest NSI

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9
Q

Research into conformity
Procedure

A

Asch
123 American male undergraduates in group if 6 with 5 actors/confeds. Then shown line x and 3 lines of which one was same length as x.
Confeds give wrong answer purposefully.

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10
Q

Conformity research
Findings

A

Asch
Ptsp gave wrong answer 36.8% of times.
Over all 25% of ptsps didn’t conform at all.
75% conformed at least once.
Conformed due to NSI

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11
Q

Asch’s variations

A

Group Size : 3 confeds conformity rose to 31.8%
Unanimity : Another non-conforming person. Conformity decreased 25%.
Task Difficulty : Increase task difficulty = more conformity

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12
Q

Ao3 of Aschs research

A

•Lack temp val. Perrin & Spencer only 1/396 conform. 1950s was a conformist time.
•Artificial tasks. Demand characteristics. Not generalisable to everyday.
•Culturally bias. No info on collectivist cultures like China. Absence of multi-cultural res.
•Ethical issues. Deception. Socially sen.
•Ptps no believe in their wrong answer. Mori & Arai used glasses to alter vision and found same results. Confeds must have been convincing.

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13
Q

Conformity to social roles study
Procedure

A

Zimbardo
Mock prison of guard and prisoners using “emotionally stable” ptsps.
Guards in uniform and reflective glasses.
Prisoners in jumpsuit and referred to as a number.

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14
Q

Study of conformity to social roles
Findings

A

Guards accepted roles with enthusiasm. Within 2 days, prisoners rebelled against harsh treatment.
Guards used “divide&rule” tactic putting prisoners against each other.
Day 1 and 1 prisoner released due to psychological disturbance.
Day 4 and 2 released. Only lasted 6 of 14 days.

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15
Q

Ao3 of conformity to social roles

A

•Variable controls. Emotionally stable ptsps. Behaviour due to roles. High internal validity.
•Real world app. Used in IS prison systems. However zimbardo thought it was a failure as prisons didn’t improve
•Ethical issues. Ptsp asked to leave and zimabardo responded as superintendent instead of researcher & 3 people had seizures.
•Individual diff. Guards drastically diff. Situational factors also affect conf.
•contra research. Riecher & Haslam couldn’t replicate findings. Guards refused role.

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16
Q

Who studied obedience in response to Nazis

A

Milgram

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17
Q

Procedure of obedience study

A

Milgram
40 male ptps between 20-50 payed £4.50.
Rigged draw for teacher and student with ptps always being teacher.
Ptps told to shock learner if they made a mistake in memorising a list with 15 to 450 volts.
When ptps wanted to stop they were give 4 prods like please continue or the experiment requires you continue.
Sound of learner shouting and screaming in pain was played

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18
Q

Findings of obedience study

A

No ptps stoped below 300V.
12.5% stopped at 300 and 65% went to 450.
Ptps showed sever tension with 3 having uncontrollable seizures.

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19
Q

Ao3 of obedience study

A

•Orne & Holland ptps guessed elec shocks were fake. However Sheridan & King used real shocks on puppy’s and 54% of males & 100% of females gave deadly shock.
•Ethical. Socially sensitive. Deception and lack of proc from harm.
•Lab setting. Very important in creative authoritarian environment.
•All male American sample.
•res supp. French tv crowd give shock 80% gave max shock to unconscious man.

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20
Q

Obedience : Situational variables

A
  1. Proximity dropped to 40% (same room)
  2. Uniform dropped to 20%(member of public as experimenter)
  3. Location dropped to 47.5%(run down building)
21
Q

Milgram variations (6)

A

1.some else administer shock 92.5%
2.Run down building 48%
3.Ptsp and learner same room 40%
4.Ptsp force learner hand on shock plate 30%
5.Ptsp give instruction over phone 21%
6.Experiment replaced by another Ptsp in normal clothes 20%

22
Q

Ao3 of Milgram variations

A

•Bickman people twice as likely to obey security guard than suit confed when asked for parking coin.
•Orne & Holland. Ptsps know it’s faked due to extra manipulation. Milgram admits that’s unnatural.
•Miranda found 90% obedience in Spanish students. Not limited to American. Smith & Bond note still western culture.
•Control of variables. High int val. Cause & Effect
•50years old. May lack temp val. However, Burger found identical level to Milgram in 1999.

23
Q

What is an autonomous state

A

Opposite of Agentic.
Being independent and free thinking.
Feels sense of responsibility for their own actions.

24
Q

Agentic state

A

Milgram
Individual feels able to pass responsibility onto authority figure.

25
Q

Legitimacy of Authority

A

Authority role usually given by society that gives them right to order others.
E.g doctors and police.

26
Q

Agentic Shift

A

Moral strain causing someone to move from autonomous to Agentic.

27
Q

Binding factors

A

Factors that keep someone in Agentic state.
-Denying damage to victim
-Shifting responsibility to victim

28
Q

Authoritarian personality (dispositional factor)

A

Adorno
Hostile to ethnic groups and they are seen as weak.
Personality type that is very obedient to authority.
Developed F scale(potential for facism)

29
Q

Origins of authoritarian personality.

A

Formed in childhood - result of harsh parenting - strict discipline , high standards etc.

30
Q

Characteristics of Authoritarian personality

A

Servile
Respect for authority
Conventional views on sex/gender/race
Views everything in black and white.

31
Q

2 ways of resisting social influence

A

Social support
Locus of Control

32
Q

SS as a way of resisting social influence

A

Social support
Having friends & family in times of crisis.
Pressure to conform decreases if other people are not conforming.
Short term

33
Q

LoC as reason for resisting social influence

A

Rotter
Internal LoC: Believe they have control over events. More confident & less likely to conform

External LoC: Believe they have no control over events. Less confident & more likely to conform.

34
Q

Minority influence

A

Social influence where minority of people persuade others to adopt their beliefs.

35
Q

3 processes of minority influence

A

Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility

36
Q

First process of minority influence

A

Consistency - over time consistency increases interest in other people.
Synchronic consistency : agreement within group
Diachronic consistency : consistency over time.
E.g Martin Luther King 381 day boycott

37
Q

2nd process of minority influence

A

Commitment - Extreme activities that demonstrate meaning through risk
E.g Emily Davison stepped in front of kings horse for womens rights

38
Q

3rd process of minority influence

A

Flexibility - Prepared to adapt to the view of majority in some cases. Consistency and flexibility must be balanced.

39
Q

Minority Influence Study

A

Moscovici.
6 ptps view set of 36 blue coloured slides and state if it is blue or green.
Each group had 2 confeds who consistently say green on 2/3 of the trials.
Ptsps give same wrong answer 8.42% and 32% conformed once
Group 2 : Inconsistent minority conformity drop to 1.25%

40
Q

4 Processes of social change

A

Deeper Processing
Augmentation Principle
Snowball Effect
Social Cryptomnesia

41
Q

DP as process of social change

A

Hear something new, think about it , this is deeper processing and is important in converting majority

42
Q

AP as process of social change

A

People more likely to think about minority view if they see them make sacrifices. E.g Emily Davison

43
Q

SE as process of social change

A

When more and more people adopt the minority view and it becomes majority view

44
Q

SC as process of social change

A

People forget the origin of their new view point
They know there is a change but not how

45
Q

Ao3 of Agentic State and Legitimacy of Authority

A

•Res supp. Blass & Schmidt found ptsps blame “experimenter” due to legitimacy of authority.
•Res finding. Hofling show anxiety as nurse hand over responsibility. Showing agentic shift not applicable.
•Cannot account for Nazis. Mandel found German police weren’t told to kill
•Cultural diff. 16% of Aussies compared to 85% Germans went to 450 Volts.
•Prac app. Kelman & Hamilton My Lai massacre due to power hierarchy of US army.

46
Q

Ao3 of Authoritarian personality

A

•Res supp. Elms & Milgram interview fully obedient and find high score on F-scale.
•Lim explain. Unlikely all of German has same
•Polical bias. Christie & Jahoda F-scale for right-wing ideology. But right and left both insist on obedience.
•Funda Flawed. Leading ?s , measures tendency to agree and knew study hyp so bias.
•Correlation. Adorn found correlation not causation.

47
Q

Ao3 of resisting social influence

A

•Res supp. Allen & Levine indepen increase with one dissenter. Even when dissenter can’t see.
•Res supp. Holland 37% internal didn’t continue to high volt. Only 23% externals didn’t continue.
•Lack link of LOC and resistance. 40 years of studies show more independence but less internal Loc. contradictory
•Exaggerated. Rotter LOC important in new situations. Previous situations not important. Conform once conform again.

48
Q

Ao3 of Social Change

A

•Consistency. Moscovici found consistency very important.
•Lab conditions.
•Internalisation of minority. Moscovici varied study. Agreement with minority increased.
•Lack eco val. real life cannot distinguish majority or minority as easily as in study.

psychology (11 decks)

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