Approaches

Question 1

Who is the Father of Psychology

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

WW way of psychology

Answer 2

Introspection - Breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images, sensations (structuralism).
Reporting on mental processes and mental states

Question 3

WW contributions to Psychology

Answer 3

*First psych lab in Germany
*Introspection
*First book “Principles of Physiological Psychology”

Question 4

Lim of WW contributions

Answer 4

Seen as unscientific today. lacks temp val. reporting mental states in introspection is subjective.
Lab experiments.

Question 5

Emergence of psychology

Answer 5

1900 : Watson dislikes introspection. Psych should be scientific
1930 : Skinner behaviourist app
1950 : Cognitive approach
1990 : Bio app

Question 6

Ao3 of Emergence of Psychology

Answer 6

• Aims to be a natural science like all others. Describe predict and understand.
• Some psych approaches are subjective and not scientific

Question 7

Behaviourist approach assumptions

Answer 7

1. Behaviour must be observable and measurable
2. Watson rejected introspection (subjective)
3. Everyone starts as a blank slate with capacity to learn.

Question 8

What are the 2 types of conditioning in behaviourist approach and names

Answer 8

1. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
2. Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

Question 9

Explain The first type of conditioning

Answer 9

Learning through association
Pavlov’s Dogs
Dog salivates to food (Unconditioned Stimulus)
Dog hears bell intake with food and salivates (Unconditioned response)
Dog hears bell and salivates (Conditioned response) as believes food is coming.

Question 10

Explain the second type of conditioning

Answer 10

Learning through consequences
Skinners Rats
Rat press lever repeatedly when lever gives food.
Rat doesn’t press lever if lever shocks them.
Rat presses lever if lever stops electric shocks.

Question 11

Explain the 2 types of reinforcement

Answer 11

Positive : Behaviour produced a consequence that is satisfying, so repeated
Negative : Behaviour removes something uncomfortable, so behaviour repeated

Question 12

Ao3 of Behaviourist Approach

Answer 12

*Prac app. Behaviour leant and so unlearnt. Useful for phobias.
*Oversimp. More to behaviour than just association etc. (Genes)
*Env deter. No free will. Behaviour by conditioning.
*Unethical. Trauma & Abuse to animals and Little Hans.

Question 13

What is SLT

Answer 13

Social Learning Theory

Question 14

Assumptions of SLT

Answer 14

1.Behaviour observes by role model.
2.Observed behaviour is stored in memory.
3.Imitate the behaviour that has been stored.

Question 15

Factor one that effect SLT

Answer 15

Rienforcement : Direct(Gaining reward for behaviour) & Vicarious(Observing someone else be rewarded for the behaviour)

Question 16

Factor 2 that effects STL

Answer 16

Punishment : Decreased likelihood of imitation

Question 17

Factor 3 that effects SLT

Answer 17

Characteristic of Rolemodel : Greater identity with role model = more likely to imitate

Question 18

Factor 4 that effects SLT

Answer 18

Self-Efficacy : High-Self efficacy makes imitation more likely (Believe they have ability to cope with behaviour)

Question 19

Mediational processes of SLT

Answer 19

Attention: If behaviour is noticed
Retention: Behaviour remembered
Motor Reproduction: Ability to cope with behaviour
Motivation: Motivated to gain same outcome from behaviour

Question 20

Key study of SLT

Answer 20

Bandura’s Doll
G1:Children witness adult beat doll, children were aggressive to it 1/3 said same verbal abuse

G2:Children witness adult non-aggressive, children were non-aggressive.

found children who saw adult rewarded were more aggressive

Question 21

Ao3 of SLT

Answer 21

*Prac app. Promote pro-social behaviour.
*Oversimp. Doesn’t account hormones act.
*Less deterministic. Behaviour is still a choice.
*lab.

Question 22

Key assumptions of the Cognitive Approach

Answer 22

Study internal mental processes. Studied indirectly as they are private processes.
Focus on areas that behaviourist app neglects, perception and memory.

Question 23

Schemas as part of the Cog approach

Answer 23

Schemas : Cog framework of beliefs and similarities that lump things together to help understand
E.g we can identify a chair because of its legs and back support. Independent of shape and colour

Question 24

Role of Theoretical Models in Cog App

Answer 24

Models like Multi-Store Model are simplified representations of theories based on current research.