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psychology > Biopsych > Flashcards

Biopsych Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system pic

A

Nervous system pic

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Controls life function and psychological processes e.g emotion and movement

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Transmits info to and from central nervous system

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4
Q

Brain

A

Regulates bodily function and higher psychological processes ( thinking & emotion)

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5
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Transmits info between brain and peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Responsible for vital functions like breathing & heart rate

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7
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Directs voluntary movements e.g walking

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8
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or Flight
Increase bodily function in response to stress to give adaptive advantage

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9
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest & Digest
Decrease bodily function to relax and recover

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10
Q

Endocrine System

A

System of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream to regulate bodily function

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11
Q

Fight or Flight

A

Survival mechanism increasing bodily function to allow increased survivability in life threatening situation

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12
Q

Stages of fight or flight

A
  1. Body senses stressor
  2. Hypothalamus triggers increased levels of activity
    3.adrenaline released from adrenal medulla in adrenal glands
    4.Fight or flight response
    5.Stressor dealt with, hypothalamus triggers less activity (rest and digest)
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13
Q

Sympathetic response

A

Increased HR & BR
Rectum contract
Pupil dilate
Inhibit saliva and digestion
Sweat production

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14
Q

Parasympathetic Response

A

Pupils restrict
Decrease HR & BR
Rectum relax
Stimulates digestion & saliva

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15
Q

AO3 : Fight or Flight

A

• Ignores freeze response. Over simplified. Consider all 3
• Ignore gender differences. Females follow more “tend and befriend” beta bias
• Ignores positive response to stress. Dawans et al, acute stress leads to greater cooperation (fire fighters). Oversimplified
• Physical consequences. Lead to damage of blood vessels or heart disease. Dangerous impact on body

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16
Q

Adrenaline from
Parathormone (calcium in blood)
Oxytocin is from
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Thyroxine(regulate metabolism)
Melatonin

A

Adrenal Gland
Parathyroid
Pituitary
Testies
Ovaries
Thyroid
Pineal

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Connected to pituitary. Controls release of hormones from pituitary

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18
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland. Releases hormones that control other glands

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19
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Chemical and electrical messenger for the nervous system

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20
Q

Structure of neurons
•N,D,A,M,NoR,T

A

Nucleus: Contains genetic information
Dendrites: Branch structure carries nerve impulses
Axon: Carries impulses from cell body down neuron
Myelin Sheath: Fatty layer protects neuron and speeds up transmittion
Nodes of Ranvier: Gap between myelin sheaths speed up transmittion
Terminal Buttons: End of axon, communicates with next neuron

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21
Q

The 3 types of nerve cell

A

Sensory, relay and motor

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22
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Carry nerve impulses from receptors to brain and spine
Found usually in sensory organs
Long dendrites and short axons
Cell body coms off of axon

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23
Q

Relay neuron

A

Found between sensory and motor to connect input and output
Allow sensory and motor to communicate
Short dendrites and short or long axon

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24
Q

Motor neuron

A

Neurons in CNS. Project axons outside the CNS.
Control muscles
Short dendrites and long axons
Release neurotransmitters through synapses to contract muscle

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25
Q

Synaptic Transmittion

A

Chemical impulses between neurons

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26
Q

Chemical impulse

A

Chemical that crosses synapse between neurons

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27
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulses that transforms axon from negative to positive channel

28
Q

Electrical impulse

A

Travels down neuron to cause chemical impulse

29
Q

Direction of electrical impulse

A

Received by dendrites and cell body, continue down axon to axon terminal

30
Q

How does synaptic transmittion occur

A
  1. Action potential reaches axon terminal
  2. Calcium channel opens
  3. Ca2+ causes vesicles to release neurotransmitters.
  4. Transmitters bind to neuroreceptor
  5. Trigger signal in post synaptic neuron, to cause response
31
Q

Excitatory response

A

On switch
Excitation for post synaptic neurons - more likely to fire
E.g adrenaline

32
Q

Inhibitory

A

Off switch
Inhibition of post synaptic neuron, less likely to fire
E.g Serotonin / GABA

33
Q

Localisation Theory?

A

Different areas of brain are responsible for different functions

34
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Decision making/emotion

35
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Sounds & speech

36
Q

Spinal cord (lateralisation)

A

Reflexes

37
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects left and right hemisphere

38
Q

Parietal lobe

A

All sensory info

39
Q

Brain stem

A

Regulate important life function

40
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual info

41
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Control right side of body

42
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Controls left side of body

43
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Cover inner part of brain. Separates us from animals as ours is more developed

44
Q

Motor cortex

A

In frontal lobe. Control voluntary movement.
Damage = loss of control of movement

45
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal lobe
Processes sensory info from skin.
Damage = more / less pain sensitivity

46
Q

Visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe.
Receives / processes visual info
Damage = poor vision/ blindness

47
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Temporal lobe
Analyses speech and auditory info
Damage = hearing loss / inability to comprehend language

48
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal lobe
Left hemisphere involves in speech recognition
Damage = broca’s aphasia / difficulty speaking

49
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Temporal lobe.
Left hemisphere only for language comprehension.
Damage = wernicke’s aphasia / inability to understand language

50
Q

AO3: Localisation Theory

A

• Supportive research. Brain scans. Petersen et al, brain scan prove wernicke’s and broca’s active during listening and reading.
• Oversimplified + contradict research. EB had left hemi removed but still had language ability.
• Contradict research. Lashley, remove 10-50% of rat brain. No diff in maze learning ability
• Individual diff. Gender diff women larger broca’s and wernicke’s than men.
• Case studies. Phineas Gage had brain damage which lead to personality change. Calm and reserved ~> rude & quick tempered. Suggest frontal lobe with emotion

51
Q

Hemispheric lateralisation

A

Brain slit into 2 hemispheres.

52
Q

Lateralisation

A

Focus on one hemisphere

53
Q

Localisation

A

Focus on particular part of the hemisphere

54
Q

Visual pathways

A

Left visual field processed from right side of brain.
Right visual field processed by left side of brain

55
Q

Who did Split brain research?

A

Sperry and Gazzaniga

56
Q

What is split brain?

A

Cut the corpus callosum in epilepsy patients to reduce attacks and seizures.

57
Q

Aim of split brain research

A

To demonstrate that hemispheres have different functions

58
Q

Procedure of split brain function

A

11 commissurotomy (split brain) patients to do visual and tactile task
Visual: look at white screen with dot in middle (tachistoscope)
then image or word to one visual field.
Ptsps say what they see
Tactile: feel object with left or right hand

59
Q

Results of split brain research

A

If pic presented to LVF (left visual field) ptsps couldn’t describe as no language ability in right hemi.
Pic presented to RVF ptsps could describe as language ability in left hemi.
Tactile: same but felt objects instead of see picture

60
Q

Conclusion of split brain research

A

Left hemi responsible for speech and language
Right hemi responsible for visual- motor task. (could draw but not speak what they saw)

61
Q

AO3 : Split Brain Research

A

• Prac application. Educators can use to present info in more creative ways to improve quality of education
• Overstated. Language not restricted to left hemi. Turk at al found JW could speak in right hemi. Inv diff + contradict
• oversimp. Changes with age szaflarski find language become lateralised to left with age in children then less in adult hood.
• Sperry and Gazza small sample. Atypical sample. Lack pop validity. Unable to draw conclusion.

62
Q

Post-Mortem Examination

A

Analysis of dead person brain.
Examined for cause of deficiency or disorder
E.g Tom - speech problems - lesion in Broca’s

63
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

Detective change in blood oxygen and flow due to neural activity in certain areas.
Increase activity = more oxygen
Produces 3D image showing brain part and activity

64
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Electrodes placed on scalp with scull cap.
Detect small electrical changes from brain activity.
Signals graphed over time.
Detective sleep patterns, used as diagnostic tool.

65
Q

Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

A

Electrodes on scalp
ERPs show specific brain activity.
Brain waves triggered by stimulus presented
Study attention and perception.

66
Q

Ao3 of fMRI

A

•Non-invasive. Safe and no radiation.
•High res Images. Clearer localisation.
•Expensive
•Poor temporal res. 5s lag between image and activity.

67
Q

Ao3 of EEG

A

•Useful in epilepsy diagnosis. Contributed to understanding if sleep.
•High Temporal resolution. 1ms
•only produces generalised signal from neurons.
•Difficult to know exact source of neural activity.

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