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psychology A-level > social influence > Flashcards

social influence Flashcards

1
Q

definition of compliance

A

a person who goes along with other peoples behaviours or attitudes but does not believe them to be correct

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2
Q

reason of compliance

A

they go along with the beliefs to keep the peace but gain approval
comply publicly but private opinion doesnt change

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3
Q

definition of identification

A

individuals adjust their behaviours and opinions to a certain group as membershio is desirable

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4
Q

definition of internalisation

A

individual accepts the group and believes the views to be correct

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5
Q

what are the two reasons people conform

A

ISI - informational social influence
NSI - normative social influence

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6
Q

what is ISI

A

informational social influence
need for certainty/ need to be right
when uncertain they look to others when in an unfamiliar situation

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7
Q

what is NSI

A

normative social influence
humans have a need to be liked
agreeing with the majority view because we want to be liked
fear rejection from the group

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8
Q

what is an nAffiliator

A

a type of person who has a need to be liked

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9
Q

what is a limitation of NSI and ISI

A

everyone has different levels of wanting to be liked and to be right so will affect different people differently
people who are less sure of themselves will turn to others

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10
Q

what did Asch study

A

conformity

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11
Q

what was the aim of Aschs study

A

to what extent would people conform to others opinions

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12
Q

what were the three variables that Asch studied

A

group size
unamity
task difficulty

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13
Q

how did Asch study group size x conformity

A

varied the group size from 1 to 15 participants
completing the line task

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14
Q

what did Asch find when studying the impact of group size on conformity

A

conformity increases with group size but only up to a certain point
with a group size up to three conformity rose to 38% but as group size kept increasing conformity slowed

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15
Q

how did Asch study task difficulty

A

increased the difficulty of the line judgement in the task by making the stimulus and comparison lines more similar
became hade for the genuine participants to see the difference

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16
Q

what were Aschs findings with task difficulty x conformity

A

conformity increased as the situation became more uncertain for the participants so more likely to turn to others for the right answer
ISI

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17
Q

how did Asch study unanimity

A

introduced a confederate who disagreed with the other confederates and answered incorrectly

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18
Q

what were Aschs findings with unanimity and conformity

A

by introducing a dissenter conformity dropped
appeared to free the participant to express their independent views

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19
Q

what was Aschs conclusion about unanimity

A

the influence of the majority depends about being unanimous.

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20
Q

limitations of Aschs research

A

lacks ecological validity
gender issues
lacks cultural validity

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21
Q

strengths of Aschs research

A

research support

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22
Q

why does Aschs research lack ecological validity

A

the participants were conforming to strangers opinions
in a real life situation they are more likely to be affected by family/ friends
line task is an irrelevent task to their lives
had to apply findings to real life

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23
Q

what is a social role

A

parts people play as members of social groups

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24
Q

what was the aim of Zimbardos experiment

A

to investigate wether guards / people behave brutally is because they have a saditstic personality or that they conform to their social role

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25
Q

how many men took part

A

21 american men who were emotionally stable

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26
Q

how did Zimbardo give each participant a role

A

randomly assigned the participants
after he assesed their mental stability

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27
Q

why did the guards and prisoners wear uniforms

A

for deindividuation
participants have a lessened sense of responsibility and gained anonymity

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28
Q

what were the findings of Zimbardos study

A
  • guards conformed to their roles and behaved brutally towards the prisoners
  • prisoners rebelled within two days
  • Zimbardo cut the study short due to psycholgical distress amongst prisoners
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29
Q

what were Zimbardos conclusions

A

argues that the situation makes people act the way that they do and that social roles have a strong influence on behaviour

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30
Q

what is a strength of Zimbardo’s experiment

A

high control over key variables
- selection of participants
- interviewed and assesed mental stability
- individual personality differences were controlled
- increases internal validity

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31
Q

what are the limitations of Zimbardos research

A

lack of realism - play acting and showed demand characteristics

exaggeration of the power of social roles - only 1/3 of guards actually behaved brutally

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32
Q

what is the aim of Milgrams research

A

to asses obedience levels

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33
Q

how many participants took part

A

40 american men
volunteers

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34
Q

what was milgrams method

A

each participant was allocated into a group with a learner and experimenter
participant is the teacher each time
told to give increasingly strong electric chocks

35
Q

what were Milgrams findings

A

every participant gave all shocks up to 300V
12.5% stopped at 300V
65% were fully obedient

36
Q

what were milgrams variations

A

proximity, location, uniform

37
Q

what were Milgrams findings with variation of proximity

A

changed so the learner and teacher was in the same room
obedience dropped to 40%

38
Q

what were Milgrams findings with variation of location

A

location changed from Yale university to run down office block
obedience dropped to 47.5%

39
Q

what were Milgrams findings with variation of uniform

A

origional experimenter leaves and is replaced by a person wearing regular clothes
obedience drops to 2-%

40
Q

what is the limitation of Milgrams research

A

lacks internal validity
- would have behaved differently in a real life scenario
- didnt believe the set up
- obedience in a contract

41
Q

what are the strengths of Milgrams research

A

has ecological validity
- participants believed the set up and behaviour was true
- findings have been repeated in real life scenerios
charles hoffing and the nurses

variations
- systematically changed them to see the effect
- procedure was repeated with over 1000ppt

42
Q

limitations of Aschs research

A
  • only studied white american males
    lacks culutral and gender validity
  • task was artifical
    cannot be generalised to real life
  • lacks temporal validity
    1950s McCarthyism
43
Q

who was in charge of Nazi death camps

A

Adolf Eichman

44
Q

why are people obedient

A

agentic state and legitimacy of authority

45
Q

what is an agentic state

A

people experience an agentic shift and move from their autonomous state to agentic state
- act as an agent to the person we received orders from

46
Q

what is moral strain

A

when we obey an order that goes against our conscious

47
Q

why might people continue with the orders despite expierncing moral strain

A

binding factors
aspects of the situation that allow the person to minimise the damage
justification for the action

48
Q

what is legitimacy of authority

A

suggests we are more likely to obey people who we percieve to have authority of us

49
Q

why are we obedient to people in positions of power

A

we experience an agentic shift and act as an agent for them

50
Q

strengths of agentic state

A
  • research support from Milgram
    participants who were obedient to the authority figure didnt feel any personal guilt
51
Q

strength of legitimacy of authority

A

explains culutral differences
in some culutures authority is more likely to be accepted

52
Q

limitation of agentic state

A

refuting evidence
experiment 16/18 nurses disobeyed a doctor
remained in automnomous state

53
Q

limitation of authoritation personality

A

individual differences
- milgrams study was not 100% obedient
some people are more disobedient than others - personality differences

54
Q

what was Adornos interest about Nazi

A

why Nazi soldiers were so willing to kill members of a minority group

55
Q

what was Adornos procedure

A

2000 middle class white Americans
F-scale personality test

56
Q

what did the findings of the test mean

A

higher score = higher authoritatian = more obedient

57
Q

what is the authoritarian personality

A
  • submits blindly to authority above them
  • is authoratative to people below them
  • strict obedience to social rules
58
Q

what is the theory of the cause of an authortiatian personality

A
  • strict upbrining
59
Q

what are the limitations of authoritarian personality

A

political bias
- f scale test is politically bias and extreme right wing views

  • limited explanations
    cannot explain obedient behaviour in majority of the country
    extreme and rare personality
60
Q

what are the strengths of authoritarian personality

A
  • research support
    Milgrams participants took Fscale test - 20 most fully obedient
    all 20 scored highly and had a ore authoritarian personality
61
Q

what is Locus of control

A

a persons perception of a personal control over their own behaviour

62
Q

what does it mean to have an internal LOC

A

a person who beleives that their life is determined by their own desicions and efforts

63
Q

how does having an internal LOC affect social influence

A

more resistant t social influence as they tend to base their decisions on their own beliefs

64
Q

what does it mean to have an external LOC

A

a person who believes that their life is determined by external factors out of their control

65
Q

how does having an external LOC affect social influence

A

more likely to be influenced by others

66
Q

what are some examples of social support

A

Ach found that the presence of a non conformist lowered conformity

67
Q

strength of LOC

A

research support
- Holland 1967 repeated Milgrams study
- 37% of internals did not continue
23% of externals did not continue
internals showed greater resistance

68
Q

what are the limitations of LOC

A

.- can only explain a limited range of situations
- Rotter et al found LOC is only valid in new situations #

  • contradictory research
  • Twenge 2004 analysed data of obedience of 40yrs
    over time people have become more resistant and more external
69
Q

what are the three behaviour traits that a minority group need to adapt

A

consitent, commitment and flexibility

70
Q

what is a strength of minority influence

A

peoples opinions are changed privately not pubicly
Moscivici variations, allowed people to write down answers
agreement with minority was higher

71
Q

what was moscivis aim

A

to demonstrate the effect of the minority

72
Q

Moscovicis method

A

36 blue cards
groups of 6
2 confederates
shout out what colour the card was

73
Q

Mosocivis findings

A

confederates constitently said that the slides were green
the true participants agreed on 8.42% of the trials

74
Q

what are the stages of social change

A

drawing attention
consistentsy
deeper processing
augmentation principle
snowball effect
social cryptonesia

75
Q

what does drawing attention mean in social change

A

draws attentioin to the problem so that the majority are aware of it

76
Q

what does consistency mean in social change

A

where the group remain the same with their views across a long time

77
Q

what is synchronic

A

where everybody in the minority has the same views

78
Q

what is diachronic

A

where the views are the same over time

79
Q

what does deeper processing mean in social change

A

activism means that people think about the message

80
Q

what does augmentatian priciple mean in social change

A

individuals will risk their lives to demonstrate their dedication to their beliefs

81
Q

what does snowball effect mean in social change

A

when the minority convert the majority at a fast ratr so that the minority view becomes the majority

82
Q

what does social cryptomnesia mean in social change

A

people are aware that change has occurred but cant remember how it happened

83
Q

what are the limitations of social change

A

takes a long time
deeper processing may not play a role in minority influence

84
Q

how many days did the bus boycott last

A

381

psychology A-level (6 decks)

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