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psychology A-level > social influence > Flashcards

social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of compliance

A

a person who goes along with other peoples behaviours or attitudes but does not believe them to be correct

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2
Q

reason of compliance

A

they go along with the beliefs to keep the peace but gain approval
comply publicly but private opinion doesnt change

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3
Q

definition of identification

A

individuals adjust their behaviours and opinions to a certain group as membershio is desirable

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4
Q

definition of internalisation

A

individual accepts the group and believes the views to be correct

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5
Q

what are the two reasons people conform

A

ISI - informational social influence
NSI - normative social influence

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6
Q

what is ISI

A

informational social influence
need for certainty/ need to be right
when uncertain they look to others when in an unfamiliar situation

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7
Q

what is NSI

A

normative social influence
humans have a need to be liked
agreeing with the majority view because we want to be liked
fear rejection from the group

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8
Q

what is an nAffiliator

A

a type of person who has a need to be liked

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9
Q

what is a limitation of NSI and ISI

A

everyone has different levels of wanting to be liked and to be right so will affect different people differently
people who are less sure of themselves will turn to others

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10
Q

what did Asch study

A

conformity

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11
Q

what was the aim of Aschs study

A

to what extent would people conform to others opinions

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12
Q

what were the three variables that Asch studied

A

group size
unamity
task difficulty

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13
Q

how did Asch study group size x conformity

A

varied the group size from 1 to 15 participants
completing the line task

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14
Q

what did Asch find when studying the impact of group size on conformity

A

conformity increases with group size but only up to a certain point
with a group size up to three conformity rose to 38% but as group size kept increasing conformity slowed

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15
Q

how did Asch study task difficulty

A

increased the difficulty of the line judgement in the task by making the stimulus and comparison lines more similar
became hade for the genuine participants to see the difference

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16
Q

what were Aschs findings with task difficulty x conformity

A

conformity increased as the situation became more uncertain for the participants so more likely to turn to others for the right answer
ISI

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17
Q

how did Asch study unanimity

A

introduced a confederate who disagreed with the other confederates and answered incorrectly

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18
Q

what were Aschs findings with unanimity and conformity

A

by introducing a dissenter conformity dropped
appeared to free the participant to express their independent views

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19
Q

what was Aschs conclusion about unanimity

A

the influence of the majority depends about being unanimous.

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20
Q

limitations of Aschs research

A

lacks ecological validity
gender issues
lacks cultural validity

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21
Q

strengths of Aschs research

A

research support

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22
Q

why does Aschs research lack ecological validity

A

the participants were conforming to strangers opinions
in a real life situation they are more likely to be affected by family/ friends
line task is an irrelevent task to their lives
had to apply findings to real life

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23
Q

what is a social role

A

parts people play as members of social groups

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24
Q

what was the aim of Zimbardos experiment

A

to investigate wether guards / people behave brutally is because they have a saditstic personality or that they conform to their social role

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25
how many men took part
21 american men who were emotionally stable
26
how did Zimbardo give each participant a role
randomly assigned the participants after he assesed their mental stability
27
why did the guards and prisoners wear uniforms
for deindividuation participants have a lessened sense of responsibility and gained anonymity
28
what were the findings of Zimbardos study
- guards conformed to their roles and behaved brutally towards the prisoners - prisoners rebelled within two days - Zimbardo cut the study short due to psycholgical distress amongst prisoners
29
what were Zimbardos conclusions
argues that the situation makes people act the way that they do and that social roles have a strong influence on behaviour
30
what is a strength of Zimbardo's experiment
high control over key variables - selection of participants - interviewed and assesed mental stability - individual personality differences were controlled - increases internal validity
31
what are the limitations of Zimbardos research
lack of realism - play acting and showed demand characteristics exaggeration of the power of social roles - only 1/3 of guards actually behaved brutally
32
what is the aim of Milgrams research
to asses obedience levels
33
how many participants took part
40 american men volunteers
34
what was milgrams method
each participant was allocated into a group with a learner and experimenter participant is the teacher each time told to give increasingly strong electric chocks
35
what were Milgrams findings
every participant gave all shocks up to 300V 12.5% stopped at 300V 65% were fully obedient
36
what were milgrams variations
proximity, location, uniform
37
what were Milgrams findings with variation of proximity
changed so the learner and teacher was in the same room obedience dropped to 40%
38
what were Milgrams findings with variation of location
location changed from Yale university to run down office block obedience dropped to 47.5%
39
what were Milgrams findings with variation of uniform
origional experimenter leaves and is replaced by a person wearing regular clothes obedience drops to 2-%
40
what is the limitation of Milgrams research
lacks internal validity - would have behaved differently in a real life scenario - didnt believe the set up - obedience in a contract
41
what are the strengths of Milgrams research
has ecological validity - participants believed the set up and behaviour was true - findings have been repeated in real life scenerios charles hoffing and the nurses variations - systematically changed them to see the effect - procedure was repeated with over 1000ppt
42
limitations of Aschs research
- only studied white american males lacks culutral and gender validity - task was artifical cannot be generalised to real life - lacks temporal validity 1950s McCarthyism
43
who was in charge of Nazi death camps
Adolf Eichman
44
why are people obedient
agentic state and legitimacy of authority
45
what is an agentic state
people experience an agentic shift and move from their autonomous state to agentic state - act as an agent to the person we received orders from
46
what is moral strain
when we obey an order that goes against our conscious
47
why might people continue with the orders despite expierncing moral strain
binding factors aspects of the situation that allow the person to minimise the damage justification for the action
48
what is legitimacy of authority
suggests we are more likely to obey people who we percieve to have authority of us
49
why are we obedient to people in positions of power
we experience an agentic shift and act as an agent for them
50
strengths of agentic state
- research support from Milgram participants who were obedient to the authority figure didnt feel any personal guilt
51
strength of legitimacy of authority
explains culutral differences in some culutures authority is more likely to be accepted
52
limitation of agentic state
refuting evidence experiment 16/18 nurses disobeyed a doctor remained in automnomous state
53
limitation of authoritation personality
individual differences - milgrams study was not 100% obedient some people are more disobedient than others - personality differences
54
what was Adornos interest about Nazi
why Nazi soldiers were so willing to kill members of a minority group
55
what was Adornos procedure
2000 middle class white Americans F-scale personality test
56
what did the findings of the test mean
higher score = higher authoritatian = more obedient
57
what is the authoritarian personality
- submits blindly to authority above them - is authoratative to people below them - strict obedience to social rules
58
what is the theory of the cause of an authortiatian personality
- strict upbrining
59
what are the limitations of authoritarian personality
political bias - f scale test is politically bias and extreme right wing views - limited explanations cannot explain obedient behaviour in majority of the country extreme and rare personality
60
what are the strengths of authoritarian personality
- research support Milgrams participants took Fscale test - 20 most fully obedient all 20 scored highly and had a ore authoritarian personality
61
what is Locus of control
a persons perception of a personal control over their own behaviour
62
what does it mean to have an internal LOC
a person who beleives that their life is determined by their own desicions and efforts
63
how does having an internal LOC affect social influence
more resistant t social influence as they tend to base their decisions on their own beliefs
64
what does it mean to have an external LOC
a person who believes that their life is determined by external factors out of their control
65
how does having an external LOC affect social influence
more likely to be influenced by others
66
what are some examples of social support
Ach found that the presence of a non conformist lowered conformity
67
strength of LOC
research support - Holland 1967 repeated Milgrams study - 37% of internals did not continue 23% of externals did not continue internals showed greater resistance
68
what are the limitations of LOC
.- can only explain a limited range of situations - Rotter et al found LOC is only valid in new situations # - contradictory research - Twenge 2004 analysed data of obedience of 40yrs over time people have become more resistant and more external
69
what are the three behaviour traits that a minority group need to adapt
consitent, commitment and flexibility
70
what is a strength of minority influence
peoples opinions are changed privately not pubicly Moscivici variations, allowed people to write down answers agreement with minority was higher
71
what was moscivis aim
to demonstrate the effect of the minority
72
Moscovicis method
36 blue cards groups of 6 2 confederates shout out what colour the card was
73
Mosocivis findings
confederates constitently said that the slides were green the true participants agreed on 8.42% of the trials
74
what are the stages of social change
drawing attention consistentsy deeper processing augmentation principle snowball effect social cryptonesia
75
what does drawing attention mean in social change
draws attentioin to the problem so that the majority are aware of it
76
what does consistency mean in social change
where the group remain the same with their views across a long time
77
what is synchronic
where everybody in the minority has the same views
78
what is diachronic
where the views are the same over time
79
what does deeper processing mean in social change
activism means that people think about the message
80
what does augmentatian priciple mean in social change
individuals will risk their lives to demonstrate their dedication to their beliefs
81
what does snowball effect mean in social change
when the minority convert the majority at a fast ratr so that the minority view becomes the majority
82
what does social cryptomnesia mean in social change
people are aware that change has occurred but cant remember how it happened
83
what are the limitations of social change
takes a long time deeper processing may not play a role in minority influence
84
how many days did the bus boycott last
381

psychology A-level (8 decks)

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