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psychology A-level > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an aim

A

a statement of what the researchers intend to find out in a study

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2
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a precise and testable statement to predict the outcome of the experiment

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3
Q

what is an experimental hypothesis

A

predicts something is going to happen

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4
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

a prediction that no difference will be found

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5
Q

what is a directional hyphothesis

A

predicts what the difference will be

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6
Q

what is a non directional hypothesis

A

predicts a difference but not which will be better or worse

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7
Q

what are extraneous variables

A

any variable that could affect the DV that isnt the IV

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8
Q

what are situational variables

A

features of a research situation that may influence participants behaviour

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9
Q

how to control situational variables

A

counterbalance - split group and standardise everything

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10
Q

what are participant variables

A

the way each participant differs from one another and how it could affect the result

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11
Q

what are investigator effects

A

experimenter is unconciously biased towards the experiment

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12
Q

what two ways do you control investigator effects

A

double blind design
inter rater reliability

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13
Q

what is the double blind design

A

both the participant and the person conducting the experiment are blind in their aims

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14
Q

what is inter rater reliability

A

multiple people rate the same behaviours as the researcher - increases reliabilty decreases bias

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15
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

when the participant knows the intention of the study and may change their behaviour

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16
Q

how to control demand characteristics

A

single blind design
deception

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17
Q

what is the single blind design

A

participant is unaware of the experiments intentions

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18
Q

what is deception

A

lying about the aims of the study

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19
Q

what are independent groups

A

different participants take part in different conditions

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20
Q

strengths of the independent groups

A
  • avoids order effects
  • avoids demand characteristics
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21
Q

limitations of independent groups

A
  • more people needed
  • participant variables are hard to control
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22
Q

what are repeated measures

A

every participant takes part in each condition

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23
Q

strengths of repeated measures

A
  • participant variables are controlled as compared with yourself
  • less people needed
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24
Q

limitations of repeated measures

A

order effects
demand characteristics

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25
Q

what is matched pairs

A

different but similar participants are used in each condition and are matched on variables that are relevant to the study

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26
Q

strengths of matched pairs

A
  • reduces participant variables
  • avoids order effects
27
Q

limitations of matched pairs

A

-if one person drops out you lose double the data
- impossible to match people exaclty

28
Q

what is the definition of a population

A

a large group of individuals who the researcher is interested in studying

29
Q

what is a target population

A

a desired sub group of the population to be studied

30
Q

what is a sample

A

group of people who take part in the study drawn from the target population

31
Q

what is a random sample

A

all participants have a equal chance of being selected

32
Q

what are the strengths of random sampling

A

free from bias

33
Q

limitations of random sampling

A

no garuntee its representative
time consuming

34
Q

what are opportunity samples

A

people who are available and willing to take part at the time

35
Q

what are the limitations of opportunity samples

A

researcher bias
can be not representative

36
Q

strengths of opportunity sampling

A

easiest and quickest

37
Q

What is volunteer sampling

A

people who put themselves forward for the study

38
Q

strengths of volunteer sampling

A
  • easy
  • no experimenter bias
  • produce more committed individuals
39
Q

limitations of volunteer sampling

A

volunteer bias - only one type of person
not representative

40
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

every Nth member of the target population is selected to take part

41
Q

what are the strengths of systematic sampling

A

avoids researcher bias

42
Q

limitations of systematic sampling

A

time consuming
no guaruntee its representative

43
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

researchers identify the ratio needed to represent the whole of the population

44
Q

strengths of stratified sampling

A

every group is represented

45
Q

limitations of stratified sampling

A

time consuming
need a whole list of the population

46
Q

how many types of experiment are there

A

4

47
Q

what are the 4 types of experiment

A
  • lab experiments
  • field experiments
  • quasi experiments
  • natural experiments
48
Q

what are lab experiments

A

take place in a highly controlled environment

49
Q

what are field experiements

A

conducted in every day settings

50
Q

what are natural experiments

A

independent variable is naturally ocurring

51
Q

what are quasi experiments

A

researcher doesnt control IV its a pre existing difference

52
Q

what is an ethical issue

A

a conflict between the participants well being rights and the researchers aims

53
Q

what is the BPS

A

British Psychological society

54
Q

what is informed consent

A

when a participant agrees to take part in an experiment with an understanding to what they are agreeing to

55
Q

what is the right to withdraw

A

the right to leave the study whenever and any data will be removed aswell

56
Q

what is deception

A

the participant is mislead into the nature of the experiment, should be minimal

57
Q

what is debrief

A

after the study participants will discuss to experiment and will be told if they have been deceived

58
Q

what is protection of participants

A

researchers must ensure participants are protected mentally and physically

59
Q

what is confidentiality

A

participants and the data are to be kept anonymous

60
Q

what age do you need parental consent

A

under 16

61
Q

what is presumptive consent

A

a similar group of people consent to the study so consent is assumed for the actual group

62
Q

what is prior general consent

A

participants agree to take part in a number of studies including deception

63
Q

what is retrospective consent

A

consent is asked after the study

64
Q

what is a pilot study

A

a small scale version of the study done to identify any issues

psychology A-level (6 decks)

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