research examples and findings

Question 1

give two research examples into care giver interactions

Answer 1

Meltzoff and Moore- reciprocity
Isabella - interacial sychrony

Question 2

Describe the procedure of Meltzoff and Moore

Answer 2

2 week old babies
adults demonstrated 1 specific gesture or facial expression
babies were recorded and analysed

Question 3

Meltzoff and Moore findings

Answer 3

found that babies as young as two weeks were able to imitate and recipricate gestures and facial expression

Question 4

Procedure of Isabella

Answer 4

mother and baby pairs
measured their degree of synchrony and quality of attachment

Question 5

findings of Isabella

Answer 5

higher levels of synchrony = greater quality of attachment

Question 6

Procedure of schaffer and emmersons stages of attachment

Answer 6

longitudional study
60 new born babies
studied each month up until 18 months
observations and interviews with mothers

Question 7

findings of Schaffer and Emmerson

Answer 7

25-32vweeks 50% showed separation
40-60 weeks 80% shows attachment to specfic person
30% had multiple

Question 8

Schaffer and Emmerson findings for role of the father

Answer 8

only 3% of cases had father has primary attachment figure
27% had joint

75% did form an attachment with father

Question 9

Procedure of Lorenz’s imprinting

Answer 9

half of geese hatched with normal mother
half hatched in an incubator with Lorenz

Question 10

Findings of Lorenz imprinting

Answer 10

incubator group attached onto Lorzenz and followed him around
sexual imprinting - peacock raised in a reptile house tried to mate w a tortoise

Question 11

Cromer et al - OCD explanation

Answer 11

50% of OCD patients had experienced a traumatic event in their life - these patients had a more severe form of OCD

Question 12

Nesdat et al - OCD explanation

Answer 12

5x more likely to develop OCD if a first degree relative suffers from OCD

68% of Mz twins share OCD

Question 13

Myron-Wilson and Smith

Answer 13

looked at attachment styles of children of 7-11 and their effect on the dynamics of the playground
Type B - healthiest friendships
Type A - victim
Type C - bully

Question 14

Hazen and Shaver

Answer 14

love quiz
questionnaire published in local newspaper
625 responses
asked questions about past and present relationships and general feelings about love
type b - healthiest relationships
type A - lack intimacy
type c - jealous

Question 14

Grossman - role of the father findings

Answer 14

Father as an important secondary figure in play and simulation

Question 15

Field et al - role of the father findings

Answer 15

Looked at primary mothers and fathers and secondary fathers

Secondary fathers as a playmate
Primary fathers have similar interactional styles as mother

Father can be PCG if adopt an emotional nurturing role similar to mother

Question 16

Pickels study

Answer 16

Weapon focus is due to surprise not anxiety

Lowest recall in most surprising conditions with raw chicken and gun
criticises Johnson and Scott for not measuring anxiety

Question 17

Yuille and Cutshall

Answer 17

13 witnesses of an armed robbery
asked to recall details of the crime and rank their stress/anxiety level on a 7 point scale

after 3 months asked to recall details again - highest stress level had better recall - 11% improvement

Question 18

Johnson and Scott

Answer 18

Ppts in a waiting room and hear an argument in the next door room
Man walks through with a bloody knife ( high anxiety condition) or pen ( low anxiety condition)
Asked to recall mans face
High anxiety condition had 16% worse recall due to weapon focus

Question 19

Moscivici

Answer 19

ppts had to state whether the 36 slides were blue or green
2 confederates either consistently said the slides were green 100% of the time
or inconsistently said the slides were green 2/3 of the time

consistent group influenced majority 8%
inconsistent group 1.25%

Question 20

Konken - Cognitive interview

Answer 20

meta analysis of 55 studies comparing CI and standard police interview
found that CI gave 41% increase in accurate information

Question 21

Griest et al - OCD treatment

Answer 21

meta analysis reviewed placebo and SSRI trials
found significant reduction in symptoms using SSRIs

Question 22

Welpe et al - phobia treatment

Answer 22

90% of patients had an improvement after systematic densisitation - shows effectiveness in improving mental wellbeing

Question 23

Bickman et al - situational factors affecting obedience and milgram variation

Answer 23

3 confederates dressed in different outfits
suits,milkman and security guard
asked public to do certain tasks eg pick up litter
2x more likely to obey the person in security guard
legitimacy of authority

Question 24

Neto et al - Asch research into conformity

Answer 24

found that women are more likely to conform than men due to value of social relationships

Question 25

Mantell - legitimacy of authority

Answer 25

found German ppts in repeat of milgrams study had 85% obedience

Question 26

Mann and Kilman - legitmacy of authority

Answer 26

16% of Australian women were fully obedient

Question 27

Nolan et al - minority influence creating social change

Answer 27

- hung messages on the doors of people saying to reduce energy usage and that other people in the neighbourhood are doing it aswell compared to control which just said to reduce energy usage no mention of others behaviour experimental group had a significant decrease in energy usage due to NSI

Question 28

Bashir et al - minority influence creating social change

Answer 28

found that some minorities such as feminists live up to the stereotypes associated with the groups - offputting for outsiders majoritiy less likely to associsate with them

Question 29

Holland et al - resistance to social influence

Answer 29

repeated milgrams study and measured LOC 37% of internals resisted obedience 23% externals resisted

Question 30

Asch - evidence for NSI

Answer 30

variation where ppts wrote down answers instead of saying them aloud conformity dropped to 12.5% demonstrating the inital effects of NSI

Question 31

Lucas et al - Asch and types of conformity

Answer 31

easy and hard maths questions hard questions increased conformity supports ISI

Question 32

Cohen et al - working memory

Answer 32

fMRI scanner asked ppts to complete component specific tasks specific and seperate areas of the brain lit up demonstrating neurological evidence

Question 33

Baddley dual task experiment

Answer 33

when asked to carry out two tasks occupyig two separate slave systems performance same to carrying them out separatley when carrying out two tasks of the same nature performance significanlty declined supports existence of slave systems and them working independently

Question 34

McGeoch and Mcdonald - interference

Answer 34

Ppts learnt a list of words then learnt a second list of words in 6 conditions different types of words in relation to first word eg antonyms,synonyms random worst recall in random intereference most prevelant with similar information

Question 35

Brazelton - monotropic theory

Answer 35

research support for social releasers observed babies trigger interactions with adults using social releasers PCG then ignored social releasing behaviours babies became distressed and some motionless highlights the importance evolutionary validity

Question 36

Grizaldi and Terry - explanation of depression

Answer 36

pregnant women with negative cognitive styles are more likely to develop post natal depression supports role of negative schemas

Question 37

Tulving and Pskota - interference

Answer 37

ppts learnt lists of words organised into categories given lists one at a time recall of first list was 70% but gradually decreased after each list then gave a cued recall test by telling the names of categories recall rose again to 70% interference doesnt account for temporary memory loss that can be overcome by cues - suggests retrieval failure is a more valid explanation