memory Flashcards
what is the diagram of the multistore model of memory
environmental stimulus —-> sensory memory store —-> attention and encoding —> STM—–> rehearsal loop and transfer—–long term memory <—-retrival
How does the sensory memory store encode
iconicaly
echoicly
how does the STM encode
acoustically
what study investigates how the STM encodes
Conrad
similar and disimilar letter strings
describe the study into how the stm encodes
Conrad
ppts shown either similar or disimilar letter strings
had to recall them in correct order
significantly greater recall in
disimilar condition
how does LTM encode
semantically
name a study that investigates how the LTM encodes
Baddeley -
semantically similar and disimilar lists
what is the capacity of the sensory memory store
very large
what is the capacity of the STM
7+- 2 items - limited
name a study which investigated the capacity of STM
Miller
5-9 items
describe the procedure into the capacity of STM
miller -
increasing number of digits were shown to ppts
write it down in the correct order
most people recalled up to 6
what is the capacity of LTM
unlimited
what is the duration of the sensory memory store
very brief
what is the duration of the STM
18-28s
limited
name a study into the duration of STM
peterson and peterson
trigram
describe the procedure that investigated the duration of STM
peterson and peterson
ppts shown a trigram
count backwards in 3s from trigram outloud
then write the origional trigram
correctly remembered after short counting time
what is the duration of the LTM
up to a lifetime
name a procedure that investigates the duration of LTM
Bahrick
yearbook study
describe the study into the duration of LTM
Bahrick
392 USA graduates
showed photos from yearbook asked to match a name to a face
90% were able to correctly match a name 14 years after
60% 47
what are the three types of LTM
episodic, procedural, semantic
what is episodic memory
our ability to recall events
time stamped
what is semantic memory
knowledge of the world
not time stamped
what is procedural memory
memory for skills
recall memory unconsciously
AO3 for types of LTM
- HM couldnt transfer into LTM yet procedural memory was still intact
real world application - helps people with memory problems
conflicting neuroimaging evidence
what is the sensory memory store
environmental stimulus is encoded depending on each sense eg echoically
what is the STM
temporary store
information is kept here if attended to from SMS
if rehearsed transfers to LTM
what is LTM
permanent store of memory
info from STM is rehearsed and transferred here where it can be retrieved from in the future
explain how HM supports the multi store model of memory
supports that the stores are unitary and unique
had hippocampus removed, antegraded amnesia inability to transfer to LTM
stm worked
procedural memory worked
explain how Murdocks study and primary and recency effect supports multi store model of memory
ppts asked to remember list of words
words remembered at the beginning and end
transferred to LTM and remained in STM
explain how the role of the rehearsal loop is exaggerated
rehearsal loop is not needed in some cases- information is transferred directly to LTM - flashbulb memories
sometimes info is rehearsed over again and never transferred
who proposed the Multi store model of memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin
how are the stores in the multi store model of memory described
unitary and distinct
what are the components included in the working memory model
central executive
phonological loop
visuo spatial sketchpad
episodic buffer
LTM
what makes up the phonological loop
phonological store - inner ear
articulatory loop - inner voice
what makes up visuo spatial sketchpad
inner scribe
visual cache - inner eye
what is the role of the central executive
controls the slave systems
directs attention
solves logical problems
what is the role of the phonological loop
process auditory and verbal information
what is the role of visuo spatial sketchpad
control mental imagery and navigation
what is the role of the episodic buffer
acts as a temporal workspace that intergrates information from the LTM and other modules
which area of the brain is the visuo spatial sketchpad linked to
occipical lobe
which area of the brain is the phonological loop linked to
Brochas area
which area of the brain is the central executive linked to
frontal cortex
how does Cohen et al and the fmri study support the working memory model
gave ppts component specific tasks and certain areas in the brain lit up
evidence for the existence of the modules in neuroscience
how does the dual task experiment support the working memory model
supports existence of sepearates components
visual and verbal tasks = fine
verbal and verbal = decline
solve logical problem and generate random numbers - both occupied the central executive
how does the word length effect supports the working memory model
evidence for articulatory loop
capacity based on time not number of words
short words remembered better
1.5s
what are the two types of forgetting
retrieval failure and interference
what is retrieval failure
cues present at the time of encoding are not present at the time of retrieval
what is Tulvings encoding specificity principle
the specific cues at encoding are needed at retrieval
what is context dependent cues
external environment cues are the same
what is state dependent cues
internal emotional state cues are the same
A03 of retrieval failure
Godden and Baddely scuba diving study
practical application of the cognitive interview
what is interference theory
information in the LTM being confused with other information leading to inaccurate recall
what is proactive interference
previously learnt information interferes with more recent learning
what is retroactive interference
recent learning interferes with previously learnt information
what are the two studies into interference as a theory of forgetting
Schmidt et al - road names
Baddeley and Hitch - rugby players
describe the procedure of Schmidt et al and into interference
700 ppts
211 responded, given a map of area with 48 street names replaced with numbers
asked to recall as many as possible
relevant details were recorded eg how many times they moved house
findings of schmidt et al
more places a person had lived the worst their recall of street names
AO3 for interference as a theory of forgetting
only explain forgetting when two sets of information are similar
doesnt clearly identify the cognitive processes involved
research support in neuroscience. Hebbian learning would predict these outcomes
