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psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 definitions of abnormality

A

statistical infrequencey
deviation from social norms
failure to function
deviation from ideal mental health

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2
Q

what is statistical infrequencey

A

finding the common value and then working out what is rare
uses normal distribution

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3
Q

strength of statistical infrequency

A

gives clear cut off points

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4
Q

limitations of statistical infrequency

A

suggests rare is negative
eg Einstein IQ
abnormal behaviours end up being normal
eg
16% of adults w depression post covid
10% pre

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5
Q

what is deviation from social norms

A

standards of acceptable behaviour that are set out by society

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6
Q

strengths of dev of social norms

A

look at things in the present day and current morals

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7
Q

limitations of dev of social norms

A

culturally bound and lack temporal validity
eg gay illegal until 1967
some countries being gay is illegal
society views change
differ by context

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8
Q

what is failure to function

A

not being able to cope with everyday life
both personal and observer stress

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9
Q

strength of failure to cope

A

considers context eg grief

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10
Q

limitations of failure to cope

A

subjective - who decides somone isnt coping

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11
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health

A

working towards what we lack

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12
Q

what characteristics did Jahoda put forward and state was ideal mental health q

A

high self esteem
personal growth
independence
resistant to stress
accurate perception of reality
environmental mastery

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13
Q

strengths of deviation from ideal mental health

A

positive - identifies the areas we need to improve

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14
Q

limitations of deviation from ideal mental health

A

most people fail to meet criteria so abnormal becomes normal
culturally bound

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15
Q

behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

panic
avoidance

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16
Q

emotional characteristics of phobias

A

fear
anxiety

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17
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

irrational beliefs
selective attention to phobic stimulus

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18
Q

how are phobias acquired

A

classical conditioning
pairing the UCS and NS

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19
Q

how are phobias maintained

A

operant conditioning
negative reinforcement
removal of the unpleasant stimulus
by avoiding the stimulus phobia is maintained

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20
Q

strengths of the explanation of phobias

A

evidence of a link between phobias and a bad experience
Little Albert

HOWEVER
not all phobias are due to a bad experience
many people fesr snakes despite never coming across one
this could be due to evolution

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21
Q

limitations of phobias

A

does not account for all cognitive aspects
doesnt explain phobic symptoms

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22
Q

what two ways treat phobias

A

systematic desensitisation
flooding

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23
Q

what is systematic desensitisation

A

behavioural therapy
counterconditioning
learning how to relax with the phobic stimulus

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24
Q

how does systematic desensitisation

A
  • create an anxiety hierachy from least to worst anxiety
  • teaches the client relaxtion techniques
  • exposure to phobic stimulus
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25
Q

how does flooding work

A

immediate exposure to phobic stimulus
client quickly learns the stimulus is harmless after anxiety reaction has calmed down

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26
Q

strengths of flooding

A

cost effective
can happen in one session

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27
Q

limitations of flooding

A

can be traumatic

28
Q

behavioural charactersitics of depression

A

lack of motivation
distruption to eating and sleeping

29
Q

emotional charactersitics of depression

A

low mood
anger

30
Q

cognitive characteristics of depression

A

poor concentration
dwelling on the negative

31
Q

what is Becks theory of the explantion of depression

A

negative thinking = depression
its not the situartion its how you think about the situation

32
Q

what are negative self schemas

A

negative ideas about yourself

33
Q

what are cognitive biases

A

the way depressed people view the world

34
Q

what is overgeneralisation

A

drawing a general conclusion from a single occurence

35
Q

what is personalisation

A

negative feelings of others are attributed to something about you

36
Q

what is selective abstraction

A

focus on one aspect and ignore any positive aspect

37
Q

what is magnification

A

exxagerate the significance of the event

38
Q

what is minimisation

A

down play the positives

39
Q

what is the negative triad

A

negative schemas and cognitive biases

40
Q

what makes up the negative triad

A

negative view of self
negative view of world
negative view of future

41
Q

what is Ellis ABC model

A

explains how irrational thoughts lead to depression

42
Q

what is the ABC model `

A

A - activating event
B - beliefs
C - consequence

43
Q

what is an activating event

A

irrational thoughts are triggered by an event

44
Q

what are beliefs

A

irrational beliefs that lead to negative thinking

45
Q

what are consequences

A

activating event triggers irrational thinking leads to deppresion

46
Q

strengths of Becks theory

A

good supporting evidence
65 pregnant women
high cognitive vunerabilities = post natal depression

pratical application CBT

47
Q

limitations of Becks theory

A

cannot explain all aspects of depression

48
Q

limitations of Ellis theory

A

only offers partial explanation
only explains reactive depression

49
Q

what is a strenght of Ellis theory

A

pratical explanations REBT

50
Q

what is the aim of CBT

A

changing the thinking will change the behaviour

51
Q

how many sessions are usually in CBT

A

6-12
focuses on the present

52
Q

what is behavioural activation in CBT

A

engaging in activites that bring us joy
pleasant event sceduling

53
Q

what is homework in CBT

A

therapist sets small achievable tasks
record in a diary

54
Q

what is thought catching in CBT

A

identifying and writing down negative thoughts

55
Q

what is cognitive reconstructing

A

changing the negative thinking

56
Q

what is REBT

A

type opf CBT that identifies and disputes irrational thoughts

57
Q

how does REBT work

A

extends ABC to DEF

58
Q

what is DEF

A

D- dispute irrational thoughts
E - effects of disputing
F - feelings

59
Q

what are the three type of disputes

A

pragmatic
logical
empirical

60
Q

what is pragmatic dispute

A

how does this thought help you

61
Q

what is logical dispute

A

does it make sense

62
Q

what is emperical dispute

A

where is the evidence

63
Q

strengths of CBT

A

effectivness
Marth et al
therapy as effective as drugs
treats the cause

64
Q

what was Marth et al

A

examained 327 depressed teenagers
three groups
CBT
drugs
CBT and Drugs
81% of CBT/ drug had improvment
86% of CBT AND drug had improvment

65
Q

limitations of CBT

A

requires motivation
patients with severe depression may noy be able to attend the session
antidepressants to not require the same level of motivation

66
Q

limitation of CBT
overemphasis of cognition

A

doesnt take into account social circumstances eg parent suffers from physical abuse

67
Q
A

psychology A-level (6 decks)

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