Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

social influence
What is social influence

A

Process by which individuals and groups change each others attitudes and behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

social influence
What are the three elements

A

Conformity obedience and minority influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Conformity
What is conformity

A

Change in persons behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from Person or group of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Conformity
What are the types of conformity

A

Internalisation
Identification
Compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conformity
What is internalisation

A

A deep type if conformity where public and private change in opinion or behaviour
Take on view and accept it as correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Conformity
What does internalisation lead to

A

Far reaching and permanent change in behaviour even when group is absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conformity
What is identification

A

Moderate type of conformity where we act in the same way with the group because we value it but don’t necessarily agree with everything the majority believes and may publicly change out opinion or behaviour but not pulically agree with everything the group. Stands for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Conformity
What is compliance

A

Superficial and temporary type of conformity where we outwardly go along with the majority view but privately disagree with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conformity
How long does compliance change in behaviour last

A

Only as long as the group is monitoring us and pressure is felt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Conformity
What are the two explanations for conformity

A

Informational social influence
Normative social influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Conformity
What is informational social influence short

A

Need to be right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conformity
What is normative social influence short

A

Need to be liked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Conformity
What is informational social influence long

A

When we are uncertain about something or in new ambiguous or unfamiliar situations we look to the behaviour and opinions of others to shape our thoughts and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Conformity
Why does informational social influence happen

A

We believe it is a correct and want it to be correct so we are correct leading to internalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Conformity
What is normative social influence

A

Agree with opinion of majority because we want to be accepted gain social approval and be liked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Conformity
When does normative social influence occur

A

In situations with stranger where you may feel concerned about rejection or may also occur with people you know as we’re concerned about social approval which can lead to compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Conformity
What type of process is informational social influence

A

Cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conformity
What type of process in normative social influence

A

Emotional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conformity ao3
2 strengths

A

Research support for NSI
Research support for ISI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Conformity ao3
What research support NSI

A

Asch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Conformity ao3
What did Asch find

A

Many of his participants went along with a clearly wrong answer just because other people did

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Conformity ao3
When asked what did Asch participants say why they went with the wron answer

A

Some said they felt self conscious going against the majority’s answers and were afraid of disapproval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Conformity ao3
What happened when Asch repeated his study but allied participants to write down most red of saying their answers

A

Conformity rates fell down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Conformity ao3
How does Asch show NSI

A

The participants are showing the need to be liked by agreesing with others and gaining social approval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Conformity ao3
What research is there for ISI

A

Lucas et al

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Conformity ao3
What did Lucas et al do

A

Asked students to give answers to maths problems that were easier or harder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Conformity ao3
Results for Lucas et al

A

Greater conformity to incorrect answers when asked more difficult rather than easier ones also true for students who rated their maths ability poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Conformity ao3
How does Lucas et al support ISI

A

This is what isi would predict to loom to other people and assume they know better and must be right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Conformity ao3
2 weaknesses

A

Individual differences
ISI and NSI work together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Conformity ao3
What are individual differences in NSI

A

Some research shows that NSI does not effect everyone’s behaviour in the same way
E.g. people who are less concerned with being liked are less affected by NSI than those who care more about being liked
nAffiliators are people who have a greater need for ‘affiliation’ (a need for being in a relationship with others)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Conformity ao3

Why are individual differences a weakness )

A

Means that research is not applicable to everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Conformity ao3
What is the two process model and whats wrong about it

A

Suggest behaviour is either due to NSI or ISIhowever both processes are often involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Conformity ao3
Both explanations in asch experiment

A

Showed that when one other person went against the majority this may reduce the power of NSI because the peropson provides social support which may recxue the power of NSI because the person provides social support which may reduce the power of ISI because there is an alternate source of information a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Conformity ao3
Why is this a weakness

A

This shows it isn’t always possible to be sure whether NSI or ISI is at work
This is the case in lab studies but even more so in real life
This casts serious doubt over the view ISI and NSI operate independently in conforming behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Asch’s research
What did he research into

A

Majority influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Asch’s research
What was the aim

A

To investigate the degree to which individuals would conform to a majority who gave obviously wrong answers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Asch’s research
What was the sample

A

123 American make students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Asch’s research
What was the procedure

A

Participants told it was. Study of visual perception
Individual participants placed in groups with between seven and nine others, sat either in a line or around a table who were confederates
Task to say which comparison line a b or c was the same as a stimulus line on 18 trial
12 critical trials where confederates gave identical wrong answers and the real participants answered second to last
Also a control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Asch’s research
What did asch find

A

Participants conformed to the wrong answer on 32% of 12 critical trials
75% conformed to alteast one answer
25 % never conformed
5% conformed to all; 12 wrong answers
Control group only had error group of 0.04%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Asch’s research
What explanation for conformity does it show why

A

Normative social influence because the task was so easy so no one with better or worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Asch’s research
Why did people conform

A

Wanted to avoid ridicule conformed public but not privately
Believed their perception was actually wrong so conformed (distortion of conception)
Had doubts concerning accuracy of judgement so conformed to majority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Asch’s research
What was concluded

A

People influenced by group pressure even when the task has a clear cut answer (Asch effect)
Individual difference how much affected by majority
Most conformed publicly not privately
Suggested motivated by NSI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Asch’s research
What is the positive

A

Study was replicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Asch’s research
What made the study replicable

A

Many aspects were standardised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Asch’s research
What aspects were standardised

A

Number of confederates taking part
Same target lines being shown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Asch’s research
Why is repliocabilyt a strength

A

Can be repeated and many have replicated his work since to show reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Asch’s research
3 weaknesses

A

Sample
Artificial tasks and situation
Ethics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Asch’s research
What was the sample

A

123 male American students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Asch’s research
What was limited about study

A

All men and American

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Asch’s research
What might have been different in women

A

Might be more conformist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Asch’s research
Why is all from America bad

A

It’s an individualistic culture if done in collectivist culture, may have found higher conformity rates as more oriented towards group needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Asch’s research
What is bad about the limited sample

A

Findings may only apply to American men and cannot be generalised to rest of world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Asch’s research
Demand characteristic

A

May have gone along with the demands of the study as wanted to help the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Asch’s research
Why was it artificial task

A

Task of identifying lines was relatively trivial so there was no reason not to conform and may have been less if consequences were more important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Asch’s research
Why was it artificial situation

A

Group didn’t resemble a group wed take part in everyday life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Asch’s research
Why was artificiality a weakness

A

Results may not be generalisable to every day situations as doesn’t reflect situations where people might conform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Asch’s research
What ethic was broken

A

Deception,, protection from harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Asch’s research
How was deceptions and informed consent broken

A

Real participants through the other participants were also genuine participant when they were confederates
Also believed study was about visual perception not conformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Asch’s research
How was protection from harm broken

A

Participants also may have felt distress or embarrassment when answering questions and disagreeing with other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Asch’s research variation
Why did he carry variations of his original procedure

A

He was interested in conditions which might lead to an increase or decrease in conformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Asch’s research variation
What three variable did he test for affecting conformity

A

Group size
Unaminity
Task difficulty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Asch’s research variation
How does group size affect comformity

A

Increases as size of majority increased until point where doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Asch’s research variation
How did asch change a study for group size

A

Increased number of confederate from one confederate to 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Asch’s research variation
What did Asch find the group size would be to affect conformity

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Asch’s research variation
What did group size conclude

A

Small minority may not be sufficient to exert influence but no need for majority of more than three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Asch’s research variation
What is unaminty

A

Extent to which all the members to a group agree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Asch’s research variation
What was the unaminitu in the original study

A

Majority was unaminous when all confederates selected the same comparison line and produced the greatest degree of conformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Asch’s research variation
How did asch vary the study for unaminity

A

Introduced confederate who went against the other confederates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Asch’s research variation
What was found when another confederate who went against the other was introduced

A

Conformity dropped from 32% to 5.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Asch’s research variation
What does this suggest about unamintiy

A

Presence of a dissenter enable the real participant to behave independently suggesting the influence of majority depends to some extent on the group being unaminous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Asch’s research variation
What is seen with talk difficukty increasing

A

Greater conformity rates so individuals look to others for guidance as to what the correct response is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Asch’s research variation
How did asch study vary for task diffcukut

A

Made task more ambiguous by making the lines more similar in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Asch’s research variation
What does task difficulty suggest

A

ISI plays greater role when task becomes harder and more ambiguous as more likely to look to others assuming they’re right and we are wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
What was he researching

A

Conformity to social roles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
What was the aim

A

To investigate whether prison guards behave brutally because they have sadistic personalities or is it the situation that creates behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
What was the sample

A

Students who volunteered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
What was the sample

A

Students who volunteered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
What was the procedure

A

Participants who were considered emotionally stable abated psychological testing were randomly assigned to prisoner or guard
Prisoner arrested in their homes by local police
Prisoners strip searched deloused given uniform and number
Social roles of prisoners and guards strictly divided
Prisoners daily routine heavily regulated
Feuds enforced rules and only referred to prisoners as number
Guards had uniform with clubs, handcuffs keys and mirror shades
Told had complete power over prisoners eg deciding when they could use the toilet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Findings

A

Guard took role with enthusiasm ands their behaviour became a threat to the brisk owner psychologically and physiologically
Study stopped after 6 days instead of 14
Guards consistently harassed prisoners often waking them in middle of night for headcount
Prisoners became subdued depressed and anxious
On prisoner released when first shows symptoms of psychological disturbance
Two more were released on forth day
One went on hunger strike ans punished by put in whole
Guards brutal and aggressive some appearing to enjoy power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Conclusion

A

Power of the situation influenced people behaviour
Guards and conformed so social roles within prison and the expectation of what they should do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Strength

A

Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
What had good control

A

Selection of participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
How was selection of participants controlled

A

Emotionally stable indivials chosen and randomly assigned to prisoner or guard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
What did controlling participant selection try to to do

A

Rule out individual differences as an explanation of the findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Why is control a strength

A

More confident ion drawing conclusion and Means behaviour must have been down to pressures of situation
Increases internal validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
3 weaknesses

A

Lack of realism
Ethical issues
Application to real life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
What was argue for lack of realism

A

Participants merely acting rather than genuinely conforming to a role as performances were based of stereotypes of how prisoners and guards are supposed to behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Example for lack of realism

A

One guard claimed he based his roles off a brutal character from a film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment what would lack of realism explain

A

Why prisoners ripped as they thought that’s what prisoners did

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Counter to lack of realism

A

Situation was very real to the participants so high degree of internal validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
What ethical issue was broken

A

Right to withdraw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Why is ethical issues arise

A

Because of zimbardos dual role in study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Example of ethical issue broken

A

Student who wanted to leave study spoke to zimbardo as superintendent so zimbardo responded to him as him walking to be released and worried about running the prison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Why was ethical issues a weakness

A

Zimbardo wasn’t acting as a researcher with responsibility towards participants so unethical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Weakness of application to real lifer

A

Hoped research would lead to beneficial reforms in prison systems eg how treated
However zimbardo regards study as failure in sense prison conditions USA are even worse that when he performed the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment
Why is real life application a weakness

A

As cost benefit analysis us counter balanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Milgram research
What was it research into

A

Obedience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Milgram research
What is obedience

A

Form of social influence where individual follows a direct order from figure of authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Milgram research
Why did he originally do the study/ to answer what question

A

Why German population had followed orders of hitler and slaughtered over 10 million Jews gypsies and other social groups in the holocaust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Milgram research
What was the sample

A

40 male participants recruited through a newspaper to take part in memory study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Milgram research
What was the procedure

A

Rigged draw for role of learner or teacher
Confederate always be the learner and participant teacher
Experiment was another confederate dressed in a lab coat
Learner strapped in a chair and wired to electrodes
Teacher required to give learner an increasingly severe electric shock for every mistake on a word pair task
Real shock demonstrated to participant rest fake
Standardised answers and responses
Experimenter used series of standard verbal prods if asked for guidance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Milgram research
What were the quantitative results

A

Obedience measured as percentage of participants of shocks up to volt
100% went to 300V
62.5% went to 450V (full)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Milgram research
What were the qualitative results

A

Many participants showed distress eg twitching sweating
Three participants had uncontrollable seizures
Some showed little signs of discomfort but were dutiful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Milgram research
What was the conclusion

A

Germans are different hypothesis fake
People obey those they regard as authority figures
Normal behaviour for those in a hierarchaly organised study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Milgram research
4 evaluation points

A

-low internal validity
-external validity from cultural bias
-ethics, psychological harm
-ethics, deceptions and informed consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Milgram research
Low internal validity
What could be argued

A

Participants behaved the way they did because they didn’t really believe this set up and guessed it wasn’t real

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Milgram research
Low interval Validity ]
Why is this a weakness

A

Milgram wasn’t testing what he intended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Milgram research
Low internal validity
Counter

A

75% participants in post study interviews said believed were real
Extreme physical responses suggest believed them to be real

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Milgram research
External validity cultural bias
What is the problem

A

Only used American male participants so results may not be generalisable to other cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Milgram research
External validity cultural bias
What has research found

A

Varying levels of obedience in different cultures and may be cultural differences regarding authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Milgram research
External validity of cultural bias
What could had highest level of obedience

A

Spane
90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Milgram research
Ethic psychological harm
What is Milgram accused of

A

Exposing his participants to severe stress supported by extreme physical reactions such as seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Milgram research
Ethic psychological harm
Counter

A

Only 2% had any regrets involved
Thorough debriefing where participants met unharmed learner
Year later none showed signs of long term damage
Therefore may be justified by cost Benefit analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Milgram research
Ethic deception informed consent
Problem

A

Deceived participants so informed consent could not be given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Milgram research
Ethic deception informed consent
Example

A

Said study was about memory
Only after volunteers had agreed to take part electric shocks were mentioned
Mr Wallace was an actors who never received electrci shocks
Researcher was a confederate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Milgram research
Ethic deception informed consent
Counter

A

Milgram defended use of deception by debriefing
Deception was necessary if participant were to behave realistically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
What do these factors form

A

External explanation of obedience using features of environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
How were these factors investigated

A

Variation of Milgram study after original

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
What are the three factors

A

Proximity
Location
Uniform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
How did proximity affect Milgram study

A

Teacher and learner in same room (40% obedience)
Teacher forces learners hand onto shock plate (30% obeicne )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
How did location effect Milgram study

A

In a run down office block (47.5% obedience )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
How did uniform effect Milgram study

A

Experimenter played by member of public (20% obedience )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Proximity explained

A

Involves how aware individuals are of the consequences of their actions
If closer to where the consequences are more attached to them whereas less aware if further away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Location explained

A

Environment can be relevant to amount of perceived legtitmate authority a person giving orders is seen to have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Uniform explained

A

Wearing of uniform can give give perception of added legitimacy to authority figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Strengths

A

Research support
Control of variables in variations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
What reasrch support this

A

Bickman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
What did Bickman do

A

Conducted a field experiment in NYC
Three confederates were dressed in different outfits jacket and tie, milkman, security guard
Confederates stood in the street and asked passers by to perform tasks such as pick up litter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Results from Bickman -

A

People twice as likely to obey the security guard that the man in a shirt and tie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Why is this a strength

A

Support Milgram conclusion that uniform conveys authors of its wearer and produce obedience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
How was it controlled

A

Milgram systematically altered one variable at a time to see what effect it had on obedience levels
All other procedure and vairbvlaes were kept the same as the study replicated over and over with more than 1000 participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Why is this a strength

A

Increases internal validity as we have more certainty what is affecting the DV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
2 weaknesses

A

Lack of internal validity
Social sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Lack of internal validity
How

A

Participants knew the study was fake
And was more likely with extra manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Example

A

Variation where experimenter is played by member of public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Lack of internal valdity
Why is this a limitation

A

Even Milgram recognised that this situation is contrived some participants may have worked out the truth
Limitation as unclear whether results are due to obedience or demand characteristics

137
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Social sensitivity

A

Offers an excuse for evil behaviour

138
Q

Situational explanation of obedience
Social influence
Why is this bad

A

May be offensive to survivors of the holocaust to suggest nazis were simply obeying orders and were victims of situational factors beyond their control

139
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What is this

A

Influence of other on an individuals behaviour rather than external factors
Emphasis that cause of obedience lie in social hierarchies

140
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What are the two theories

A

Agency theory
Legitimacy of authority

141
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What does the agency theory argue

A

We are socialised from an early age to learn that obedience to rules in necessary and keeps stability within society
In order to achieve this an individual has to give up some free will

142
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What is the agentic state

A

Individual obeys authority figures and gives up some free will so see themselves as an agent of the authority figure

143
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
How is the authority figure seen in from agentic state

A

Responsible for the consequences of the individuals actions

144
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What is moral strain

A

May obey orders that go against their moral code as don’t see themselves responsibl e
Agent experiences high anxiety (moral strain ) as real side what they’re doing is wrong but feel powerless to disobey

145
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What is autonomous state

A

Opposite of being agentic state
Person in this state is free to behave according to to their own principles and has control
Personally responsible for their actions

146
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What is the agentic shift

A

Shift from autonomy to agency

147
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
When did Milgram suggest the agentic shift occurs

A

When a person perceives someone else as a figure of authority they have greater powers because of their position in a social hierarchy

148
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Strengths

A

Milgram research

149
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What research from Milgram supports this

A

A remote authority variation of his procedure as the confederate wasn’t in the same room and gave orders over the phone

150
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What did Milgram remote authority valuation find

A

Obedience dropped to 20.5%

151
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What did Milgram remote authority variation suggest

A

Participant were in an automonous state and saw themselves as responsible for their actions

152
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Weakness for agency theory

A

Limited explanation

153
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Why is it limited

A

Doesn’t explain many research findings

154
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What can’t agency explain

A

Why some of Milgram participants didn’t obey

155
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Why doesn’t agency explain why some Milgram didn’t obey

A

Humans are social animals involved in social hierarchies so should all obey

156
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Why doesn’t agency explain why some Milgram didn’t obey

A

Humans are social animals involved in social hierarchies so should all obey

157
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Why is it being limited a weakness

A

Suggests an agentic shift can only account for some cases of obedience

158
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What is the other sociopsychological factor

A

Legitimacy of authority

159
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What is legitimacy of authority

A

Describes how credible the figure of authority is

160
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What is legitimacy of authority

A

Describes how credible the figure of authority is

161
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
How are we socialised

A

To recognise the authority of people and position in social hierarchy so recognise value of obediency

162
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
When are more likely to obey authority

A

When see someone as credible in terms of morally good or right and legitimate

163
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Where does legitimate authority come from

A

Having a defined social role which people respect often because it implies knowledge or comes with legal power

164
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
When is legitimacy increased

A

By visible symbols of authority

165
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
How can legitimacy of authority be applied to Milgram

A

Saw scientist as being legitimate as knew he was a scientist and therefore more knowledgeable and responsible, he held the guest position within the social hierarchy of the experiment

166
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What is the consequence of legitmcacy of authority

A

Destructive authority
Some people tale power for granted to punish others

167
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Strength of legitimacy

A

Bickeman

168
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
What did bickman find

A

People were more likely to p obey the person in a guards uniform because he seemed to be the most legitimate authority figure

169
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Strength for legitimacy

A

Cultural differences

170
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Why is this a strength

A

Useful account of cultural differences and many studies show differ in obedience in country’s

171
Q

Socio-psychological factors for obedience
Mantell as study for cultural difference

A

found 85% obedience in German participants
This shows in some cultures, authority is more likely to be accepted as legitimate and entitled to demand obedience
This reflects how different societies are structured and how children are raised to perceive authority figures
This increases the validity of the explanation

172
Q

Disposiitoonal explanation for obedience
What is the dispositional explanation for obedience

A

The authoritarian personality

173
Q

Disposiitoonal explanation for obedience
What does dispositional explanation mean

A

Internal explanation where focus is on idea that certain personality characteristics are associated with higher levels of obedience

174
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What did this form the basis for in regards to Milgram

A

Original research aim to investigate whether Germans had a different personality type to be more obedient to authority figures

175
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
Who was authoritarian personality first proposed by

A

Fromm

176
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What did authoritarian personality originally attempt to explain

A

Those holding right wing conservative views

177
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What is authoritarian personality type criticised by

A

Belief in absolute obedience
Submission to authority
Domination of minorities

178
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What did adorno believe and do because of this

A

Believed high level of obedience was a psychological disorder ans tried to locate the causes of it in the personality of the individual
Studied over 2000 middle class white Americans and their unconscious attitiudes towards other racial groups

179
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What did adorno believe and do because of this

A

Believed high level of obedience was a psychological disorder ans tried to locate the causes of it in the personality of the individual
Studied over 2000 middle class white Americans and their unconscious attitiudes towards other racial groups

180
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What scale did Adorno develop

A

F scale

181
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What is the f scale used for

A

Potential for fascism scale
Used to measure authoritarianism

182
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
List of authoritarian characteristics

A

Especially obedient to authority
Extreme respect for authority
Submissive to authority
Show contempt to those with inferior social status
Highly controversial attitudes towards sex, race and gender
View society as ‘going to the dogs’ – therefore believe we need strong and powerful leaders to enforce traditional values (love of country, religion, family)
Inflexible in their outlook – no ‘grey areas’
Everything is right or wrong

183
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What approach has been used to explain the origin of the authoritarian personality

A

Psychodynamic

184
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
how does the psychodynamic approach explain origin of authoritarian personality

A

Formed in childhood
Result of harsh patently eg high standards, conditional love and strict discipline
These create resentment and hostility so child cannot express these feeling against parents so is displaced onto others perceived to be weaker

185
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
1 strength

A

Correctional research support

186
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What is the research support

A

Elms and Milgram

187
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What did elms and Milgram find

A

That participants in Milgram study who were highly obedience were significantly more authoritarian on the fscale than disobedient ones

188
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
Counter to elms and Milgram

A

Link is merely correlation l which makes it impossible to draw the conclusion that authoritarian personality causes obedience on the basis of this result and may be a third factor

189
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
3 weaknesses

A

Limited explantion
Methodological problems
Political bias

190
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
Why is it limited

A

Any explantion of obedience in terms of individual personality will find it hard to explain obedience in the majority of a country’s population

191
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
Example of it being limited

A

Pre war Germany million of people displayed obedient racist and antisemitic behaviour but mist have differed in their personality as extremely unlikely all possessed an authoritarian personality

192
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
Alternative explantion

A

Social identity. Theory

193
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
Example of methodological problems

A

Every one of items in f scale worded in same direction and is therefore possible to get a high score for authoritarianism by ticking same line of boxes ( acquiescence )

194
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
Why is this bad

A

Authoritarianism therefore not being measured so not valid

195
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What about how Adorno interviewed was a problem

A

Interviewed participants about childhood experiences he already knew has authoritarian personalities from score which could have led to researcher bias

196
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
What about how Adorno interviewed was a problem

A

Interviewed participants about childhood experiences he already knew has authoritarian personalities from score which could have led to researcher bias

197
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
Why is this theory politically biased

A

Individuals seen as only existing on the conservative right wing viewpoints

198
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience
Why is political bias a limitations

A

Doesn’t take into account obedience to authority across the whole political spectrum

199
Q

Resistance to social influence
What is resistance to social influence

A

Refers to ability of people to withstand thre social pressure to conform to the majority or obey authority

200
Q

Resistance to social influence
What two factors is there

A

Social support
Locus of control

201
Q

Resistance to social influence social support
What can help others to resist pressure to conform or obey

A

Presence of others who resist the pressure to do thr same

202
Q

Resistance to social influence social support
What do the other people who can resist pressures act as

A

Models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible

203
Q

Resistance to social influence social support
What happens to the pressure to conform when there are other people present who are not conforming

A

Is reduced

204
Q

Resistance to social influence social support
What was shown in as his research about the person not conforming

A

Doesn’t have to be giving the right answer which shows simply the fact that someone else is not following the majority appear as to enable a person to be free to folow their own conscience

205
Q

Resistance to social influence social support
What does asch research show happens in non conforming person starts comforting again

A

The naive participant does as well, effect of dissent is not long lasting

206
Q

Resistance to social influence social support ao3 for resistance to conformity
What is the research support

A

Allen and Levine

207
Q

Resistance to social influence social support ao3 for resistance to conformity
What did Allen and Levine show evidence for

A

The role of dissenting peers in resisting conformity

208
Q

Resistance to social influence social support ao3 for resistance to conformity
What did Allen and Levine find

A

Conformity decreased when there was one dissenter in an asch type study and more importantly this occurred even if the dissenter wore thick glasses and said he had difficulty with his visions

209
Q

Resistance to social influence social support ao3 for resistance to conformity
Why is Allen and Levine a strength

A

Supports view that resistance is not motivated by following what someone else says but enables someone to be free of the pressure from the group

210
Q

Resistance to social influence social support
What happens to pressure to obey is another person is seen to disobey

A

Reduced

211
Q

Resistance to social influence social support
Why does the presence of another person disobeying make it easier to not obey

A

Make it easier for individuals to act independently and demonstrates that disobedience is actually possible and how to do it

212
Q

Resistance to social influence social support
Does the participant always follow the disobedient persons behaviour

A

No but the other persons disobedience acts as a model for the participant to copy and frees him to act from his own conscience

213
Q

Resistance to social influence social support ao3 for resistance to obedience
What is the research suppport

A

Milgram

214
Q

Resistance to social influence social support ao3 for resistance to obedience
What did it find

A

That when two confederates paired with the real participant left the study early on declaring they would go no futher only 10% gave shocks up to 450v

215
Q

Resistance to social influence social support ao3 for resistance to obedience
How does Milgram a stdudy support this

A

Suggest creating the group norm of disobedience put the participants under pressure to conform to the confederates behaviour

216
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control
What was it identified as

A

Personality dimension by rotter

217
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control
What does locus of control refer to

A

The sense we each have about what directs Events in our lives

218
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control
What are the two types

A

Internals
Externals

219
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control
What do internals believe

A

They are mostly responsible for what happens to them (internal locus of control )

220
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control
What do externals believe

A

Things happen without their own control and is mainly a matter of luck or other outside forces (ext3rnal locus of control)

221
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control are you either internal or external :LOC

A

No there is a continuum with high internal LOC at one end and highexternal LOC at other

222
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control
What did rotter believe that having an internal LOC mesas for resistance

A

Makes individuals more resistant to social pressures to conform or obey

223
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control
Why dos rotter believe having internal loc make individuals more likely to resist

A

Those seeing themselves as inc control are more likely to perceive themselves as having freee choice to conform or obey and are more likely to boast decision on their own beliefs and resist pressures

224
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control
What personality traits do people with high internal LOC tend to have to lead to greater resistance to social influence

A

Self confidence more achievement oriented higher intelligence and have less need for social approval

225
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
What is research support for loc and obedience

A

Holland

226
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
What did Holland do

A

Reappeared Milgram baseline study and measured whether participants were internals or externals

227
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
What did Holland find

A

37% of internals did not continue to 450v showing some resistance but only 23% of externals did not continue

228
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3 What did Holland show

A

Internals showed greater resistance to authority

229
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
How did Holland support this

A

Increases validity of the loc explantion and our confidence that it can explain resistance

230
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
What is research support for loc and conformity

A

Moghaddam

231
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
What did moghaddam find

A

That Japanese people conform more easily than Americans and have more of an external loc

232
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
What does moghaddam suggest

A

Difference in resistance to social influence across cultures can be explained by differences in loc

233
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
Weakness

A

Limited role

234
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
Why may role of loc in resistance to si may be limited

A

May have been somewhat over exaggerated as only comes into play in novel situations and have very little influence in familiar situations

235
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
What happens in familiar situations

A

Our previous experiences are more important

236
Q

Resistance to social influence locus of control ao3
What does this mean

A

People who have conformed o obeyed in specific sitautation in the past are more likely to do so again even if they have a high internal loc

237
Q

Minority influence
What is minority influence

A

Form of social influence in which a Minority of people persuade others to adopt their beliefs attitudes or behaviours

238
Q

Minority influence
What does minority influence lead to

A

Internalisation or conversion where majorities become gradually won over to a minority view point in which private attitudes are changed as well as public behaviours

239
Q

Minority influence
How does conversion through minority influence generally occur

A

Through informational social influence

240
Q

Minority influence
How long does minority influence take

A

Longer to achieve than compliance where conformity is instantaneous and unthinking as time needed to reexamine beliefs or behaviours in light of new information

241
Q

Minority influence
What three things are key in monorty influence

A

Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility

242
Q

Minority influence
When is minority influence most effective for consistency

A

When minority keeps the same beliefs

243
Q

Minority influence
What is diachronic consistency

A

Minority keep same beliefs over time

244
Q

Minority influence]
What is synchronic consistency

A

Minority keep same beliefs between all individuals which form the minority

245
Q

Minority influence
Why does consistency increase Minority influence

A

Draws attention to the minority view and makes other people start to rethink their own views

246
Q

Minority influence
When is Minority influence more powerful for commitment

A

If minority demonstrates dedication to their position eg making personal sacrifices

247
Q

Minority influence
What do minorities sometimes do for commitment

A

Engage in quite extreme activity’s showing commitment to the cause

248
Q

Minority influence
What makes commitment effective for minority influence

A

Draws attention to views and makes majority pay more attentions and shows minority is not acting out of self interest

249
Q

Minority influence
What happens if relentless consistent is shown by Minority influence

A

Could be counter productive if seen as unbending rigid and unreasonable which could be off putting to the majority and unlikely to result in conversion

250
Q

Minority influence
What happens if relentless consistent is shown by Minority influence

A

Could be counter productive if seen as unbending rigid and unreasonable which could be off putting to the majority and unlikely to result in conversion

251
Q

Minority influence
When is Minority influence most effective for flexibility

A

When show flexibility by accepting compromise and prepared to adapt their pov and accept reasonable and valid counter arguments

252
Q

Minority influence
What does there need to be a balance between

A

Consistency and flexibility

253
Q

Minority influence
What is the snowball effect

A

Gradually the minority becomes the majority view and a change occurs

254
Q

Minority influence
What is Minority influence a crucial factor in and why

A

Bringing about innovation and social change as likely to think about something new especially is from a consistent and passionate source

255
Q

Minority influence
What is Minority influence a crucial factor in and why

A

Bringing about innovation and social change as likely to think about something new especially is from a consistent and passionate source

256
Q

Minority influence
How does the snowball effect happen

A

Over time more people switch from the majority position to the minority position as they’ve been converted, pace picks up as conversion happens quicker and the minority gain status power and acceptability

257
Q

Minority influence
How does the snowball effect happen

A

Over time more people switch from the majority position to the minority position as they’ve been converted, pace picks up as conversion happens quicker and the minority gain status power and acceptability

258
Q

Minority influence AO3
2 strengths

A

Research support for consistency
Research evidence for flexibility

259
Q

Minority influence AO3
What is the research suppport for consistency

A

Moscovici et al

260
Q

Minority influence AO3
What is the research suppport for consistency

A

Moscovici et al

261
Q

Minority influence AO3
What did moscovici et at do

A

Demonstrated Minority influence by asking participants to state whether a blue sides were blue or green and the participants were either exposed to a consistent or inconsistent minority with two confederates in the group

262
Q

Minority influence AO3
What did moscovici et al show

A

Show an consistent minority had a greater effect than an inconsistent minority

263
Q

Minority influence AO3
Research evidence for flexibility

A

Papastamou

264
Q

Minority influence AO3
What did papastamou do

A

Got participants to respond to questions about responsibility for pollution. They were also exposed to minorities extreme views on how to control pollution.

265
Q

Minority influence AO3
What did papastamou find

A

When the majority refused to but from their opinion they were not persuasive. Where is when they appeared flexible by compromising they were seen as less extreme cooperative and reasonable and more persuasive and changing majority opinions.

266
Q

Minority influence AO3
What did papastamou show

A

Flexibility is a key factor in the minorities influences ability to change your majorities opinion

267
Q

Minority influence AO3
What did papastamou show

A

Flexibility is a key factor in the minorities influences ability to change a majority opinion

268
Q

Minority influence AO3
2 weaknesses

A

Artificial tasks
Limited real world applications

269
Q

Minority influence AO3
Example of artificial tasks

A

Identifying the colour of a slide is artificial

270
Q

Minority influence AO3\
What does using artificial tasks mean for research

A

Research is therefore far removed from how minorities attempt to change the behaviour of majorities in real life

271
Q

Minority influence AO3\
What does using artificial tasks mean for research

A

Research is therefore far removed from how minorities attempt to change the behaviour of majorities in real life

272
Q

Minority influence AO3
Example of real life

A

In jury decision-making and political campaigning the outcomes are vastly more importance sometimes life or death

273
Q

Minority influence AO3
Why a weakness

A

This means findings such as Moskovici lacks external validity and they are limited in what they can tell us about how minority influence works in real life social situations

274
Q

Minority influence AO3
What is involved in difference between minority and majority

A

More than just numbers as majority usually have a lot more power and status than minorities.

275
Q

Minority influence AO3
What are minorities like

A

Very committed to their causes as they have to be due to facing very hostile opposition

276
Q

Minority influence AO3
Why is limited real world applications a weakness?

A

Research supporting the minority influence may be seen as oversimplistic

277
Q

Social change
What is social change

A

Involves way in which society develops through big shifts in people’s beliefs attitudes and behaviour

278
Q

Social change
What is the role of minority influence

A

Continual but gradual process with the minority influence being the main driving force
Minority viewpoint slowly win the majority over to become new social norms

279
Q

Social change
Is social change positive or negative

A

Can be both

280
Q

Social change
What is the process 1-6

A
  1. Drawing attention
  2. Consistency
  3. Deeper processing
  4. Augmentation principle
  5. Snowball effect
  6. Social cryptoamnesia
281
Q

Social change
What is drawing attention

A

Through social proof of problem people more aware of it

282
Q

Social change
What is consistency

A

Saying same message over and over showing intent

283
Q

Social change
What is deeper processing

A

This attention means that many people who just accepted the status quo began to think about the unjustness of it

284
Q

Social change
What is the augmentation principle

A

Minority engaging in quite extreme acticitied to show their commitment
Risk demonstrates commitment as their motive musty be strong which therefore gets more attention

285
Q

Social change what is the snowball effect

A

Over time more people switch from majority position (converted) pace picks up as conversion happens quicker and the minority gain status power and acceptability

286
Q

Social change
What is social cryptoamnesia

A

Public opinion changes gradually over time until the minority view is accepted as the norm but people forget where the view originally came from

287
Q

Social change
What is the role of conformity in social change (as h)

A

Aschs research showed how when one confederate went against the majority this encouraged others to dissent
Such dissent has the potential to ultimately lead to social change

288
Q

Social change
How can the role of conformity be explained

A

Normative social influence
Informational social influence

289
Q

Social change
What is the role of normative social influence

A

Often appealed to be environmental and health campaigns as tell us what other people are doing
Encouraged by drawing attention to what the majority are actually doing

290
Q

Social change
What is the role of informational social change

A

May also have a role to play as a new or alternative source of information is available to people

291
Q

Social change
How does Milgram research show role of obedience

A

Demonstrates importance of disobedient role models as obedience fell when confederate teacher refused to give shocks

292
Q

Social change
How does Zimbabwe suggest role of obedience

A

Can be used to create social change through process of gradual commitment
Once smalll instruction is obeyed it becomes more difficult to resist a a bigger one
So drift into new behaviour

293
Q

Social change
Changing laws in role of obedience

A

Change sin laws which we obey make something more of a norm

294
Q

Social change AO3
What is a strength

A

Research support for NSI

295
Q

Social change AO3
What is the research support for nsi

A

Nolan et al

296
Q

Social change AO3
What did Nolan et al investigate

A

Whether socal influence processes could lead to reduction in energy consumption in a community

297
Q

Social change AO3
What did Nolan et al do

A

Hung messages on the front doors of houses in San Diego every week for a month
Key message was that most residents were trying to reduce their energy usage
Another group had message that just asked them to save energy without mentioning majority

298
Q

Social change AO3
Nolan et al findings

A

Significant decreases in energy usage found in first group

299
Q

Social change AO3
What does Nolan et al show

A

Conformity ca lead to social change through nsi

300
Q

Social change AO3
2 weaknesses

A

Minority influence only indirectly effective
Methodological issues

301
Q

Social change AO3
How fast does social change happen

A

Slowly when it happens at all

302
Q

Social change AO3
Example of social change happening slowly

A

Decades for attitudes against drink driving and smoking to shift

303
Q

Social change AO3
What does this mean for minority influence

A

May not really have that much influence

304
Q

Social change AO3
What could be true for the effects of a minority

A

Indirect and delayed

305
Q

Social change AO3
Why is this a limitation

A

Effects of minority influence are fragile and its role in social influence perhaps limited

306
Q

Social change AO3
What do explantions of how social influence lead tio social change draw heavily on

A

Studies of the moscovici asch and Milgram

307
Q

Social change AO3
How can all these studies be criticised

A

Criticised in terms of artificial tasks , lacking mundane realism and poor samples

308
Q

Social change AO3
Why is this a weekness

A

Raises doubts about the validity of the explanation

309
Q

Holism and reductionism
What approach has biological reductionism

A

Biological

310
Q

Holism and reductionism
What is environmental reductionism

A

Reduced behaviour to stimulus response action (learned associations )

311
Q

Holism and reductionism
What approach advocated environmental reductionism

A

Behaviourist

312
Q

Holism and reductionism
Example of environmental reductionism

A

Classical conditioning

313
Q

Holism and reductionisn
What are levels of explanation

A

Suggests there are different ways of viewing same behaviour and some are more recutionisn then others

314
Q

Holism and reductionism
How do the levels f explanation work

A

These at a lower or fundamental level focusing on basic components or units to those at a higher more holistic multi variable level

315
Q

Holism and reductionism
Levels of explantion list

A
  1. Social cognition
  2. Social groups
  3. Interpersonal interactions
  4. Cognition and emotion
  5. Learned association
    4 genetics
  6. Physiology
  7. Cellular biology
  8. Biochemistry
316
Q

Holism and reductionism
What are all the levels of explantions attempts at

A

To explain behaviour but at different levels

317
Q

Holism and reductionism
Can one explanation in isolation be taken as correct

A

No and therefore several explations at several levels would be more appropriate

318
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Strength for reductionism

A

More scientific research

319
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Why is reductionism need for more scientific research

A

In order to create operationalised variables is necessary to break behaviour down to make it possible conduct experiments or record observations in a way that is meaningful and reliable

320
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
What approach was able to demonstrate this and with what

A

Behaviourist approach able to demonstrate how complex learning could be broken down to samples stimulus response links within the lab

321
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Why is this a strength for psychology

A

Gives psychology greater credibility p;lacing it on equal terms with the natural sciences lower down in the reductionist hierachy

322
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Biological reductionism as scientific

A

More precise and simple explanation and more scientific than the higher and more general levels or explanation as can be treated more easily and be used to generate appropriate treatment

323
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Limitation for Holism

A

Not as scientific

324
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Why do holistic explanations tend to not lend themselves to rigorous scientific testing

A

Can become vague and speculative as they become more complex

325
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Example for humanistic psychology

A

Tend to be criticised for lack of scientific evidence and is instead seen by many as a rather loose set of concepts

326
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Higher levels of explantions that combine many different perspective present researcher with a practical dilemma with depression why

A

If accept there are many factors that contribute it become difficult to establish which is most influential, and which one to use as a basis for therapy

327
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
What does this mean

A

It comes to find solutions for real world problems lower level explantions may be more appropriate

328
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Strength for Holism

A

Often aspects of social behaviours that only emerge withoin a group context and cannot be understood at level of individual group members

329
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Example

A

Effects of conformity to social roles and the deindividualisation of the prisoners and guards in zimbardo prison study could not be understood by studying the participants as individuals it was the interaction between people and the behaviour of the group that was important

330
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Example

A

Effects of conformity to social roles and the deindividualisation of the prisoners and guards in zimbardo prison study could not be understood by studying the participants as individuals it was the interaction between people and the behaviour of the group that was important

331
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
What does this show

A

Holistic explantion provide a more complete and global understanding of behaviour than reductionist approaches

332
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Limitation for reductionism

A

Oversimplifying complex

333
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
What does oversimplifying lead to

A

Loss of validity and incomplete

334
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Eg with environmental explantions

A

Even though can account for a number of behaviour is likely that many different levels are needed in the explantion with a learned association only bing one of them

335
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
Eg with explain at level of gene neuron or neurotransmitter

A

Do not include an analysis of the social context within which behaviour occurs and this is where the behaviour in question may derive its meaning

336
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
What does this mean

A

Reductionism explanations can only ever be part of an explanation

337
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
What does the interactionisdebate believe t stance on this

A

Several levels of explanation are necessary to explain behaviour ranging from more reductionism to more holistic

338
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
What do interactionists argue

A

All explanations have relevance and ultimately with the best explanatory power and this varies from situations to situations

339
Q

Holism and reductionism AO3
How is the diathermy stress model for the onset of mental disorders such as schizophrenia show interactionist approach

A

Such disorders are seen to come about as the result of a predisposition often genetic which is triggere by some stressor often and experience so led to more multidisciplinary and holistic approaches to treatment

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions