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Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of conformity

A

compliance - conforming to majority but not really agreeing
identification- conforming to expectation of social role
internalization - public behaviour and private beliefs changed

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2
Q

Normative influence

A

conforming because everyone else is ‘the norm’

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3
Q

Informational influence

A

conforming because you believe the other person has the right information

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4
Q

Asch Procedure

A

line judgement task , Ps were asked to identify which two lines looked most similar in a room full of confederates giving the wrong answer

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5
Q

Asch Results

A

75% conformed at least once

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6
Q

Pro and Con of Asch

A
  • repeated easily - adds validity
  • deception - ethical issue
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7
Q

4 Factors influencing conformity

A

size of group
nature of response
task difficulty
presence of a dissenter

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8
Q

Perrin and Spencer ( Asch replication)

A

Used engineering students and found conformity was lower as more confident in decision making

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9
Q

Eagly and Carli ( Asch replication)

A

Women showed higher conformity rates as they don’t like group conflict whereas men are expected to be assertive

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10
Q

Stanford Prison Proc

A

Mock prison , Ps were either assigned to guard or prisoner
Day 2 - prisoners revolted, guards harassed prisoners
Day 6- experiment ended as prisoners were having psychological harm

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11
Q

Milgram was influenced by

A

trial of adolf Aichman , a Nazi soldier whose defnense for killing someone was he was following orders

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12
Q

Milgram proc

A

40 ps told to deliver shocks to a learner if gave wrong answer with increasing intensities
- experimenter in same room giving prompts that were scripted
- Milgram was watching from a two way mirror

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13
Q

MIlgram results

A

65% shocked to max voltage

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14
Q

Milgram ( office building %)

A

48%

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15
Q

Milgram ( learner in same room %)

A

40%

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16
Q

Milgram ( P’s had to place learner hand on electric plate %)

A

30%

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17
Q

Milgram ( remote instructions %)

A

23%

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18
Q

agentic state

A

person behaves as if they are an agent of someone else - individuals allow someone else to direct their behaviour

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19
Q

autonomous state

A

someone acting on their own accord and take responsibility for the consequence

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20
Q

binding factors

A

factors that result in you going ahead to do something that you know you shouldn’t.

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21
Q

moral strain

A

when we obey an order than goes against our conscience.

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22
Q

agentic shift

A

shift from autonomous to agentic state
happened in Milgram’s

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23
Q

Milgram ( Milkman giving instruc %)

A

14%

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24
Q

3 situational factors affecting obedience

A

proximity, location , uniform

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25
Q

3 factors causing agentic shift

A

insistence of authority
pressure of location
unwillingness to disrupt

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26
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

obedient to higher status but hostile to lower status
caused by strict parents as learnt to do as told

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27
Q

Adorno F Scale

A

Fascist scale - interested as to why so many Nazis followed orders
series of questions - quite directional as all worded in the same way

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28
Q

locus of control

A

extent to which you believe you are in control of your life

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29
Q

Internal LoC

A

things happen due to personal choices

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30
Q

External LoC

A

things happen due to fate

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31
Q

Cultural differences in LoC

A

individualist have an internal loc
collectivist have an external loc
japanese have higher conformity rates than americans

32
Q

Conversion

A

process where majority adopt minority view point

33
Q

Cryptoamnesia

A

new belief takes place but no concious understanding of when and how

34
Q

minority influence

A
  • a minority rejects the established norm of the majority of group members
  • they persuades the majority to move to the position of the minority
35
Q

Snowball effect

A

minority view slowly becomes adopted by majority so change occurs

36
Q

minority influence - commitment

A

some minorities engage in quite extreme activities to draw attention to their cause

37
Q

minority influence -flexibility

A

the minorirty have to change slightly to not seem unreasonable.

38
Q

augmentation principle

A

the minority having an effective message which creates conflict in the majority’s mind

39
Q

minority influence - consistency

A

over time, consistency in the minority’s view increases the amount of interest.

40
Q

3 Factors affecting minority influence

A

consistency, commitment , flexibility

41
Q

Moscovio et al - Minority influence proc

A

192 females split into 6 groups ( 2 confeds a group)
control group - no confeds
asked to identify colour of 36 blue slides
Inconsistent confeds identified half blue , half green
Consistent confeds identified all green

42
Q

Moscovio results

A

consistent confed - 8.2% idnetified atleast 1 slide as being green
inconsistent confed - 1% identified atleast 1 slide as being green

43
Q

Latence and wolf social impact theory

A

people will change behaviour if under enough pressure to do so

44
Q

3 Factors affecting social impact

A

Immediacy - how close problem is to you
Numbers - how many are applying pressure
Strength- consistency and strength of message

45
Q

social support - reason for resistance to conformity

A

the presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others do the smae

46
Q

milgram - eg of social support dropping conformity

A

presence of a disobedient confederate in Milgram’s study dropped conformity from 65% to 10%

47
Q

two reasons for resistance to social influence

A
  • social support
  • locus of control ( internal)
48
Q

evidence of locus of control having an effect of social influence - Holland

A

repeated Milgram’s test and found that 37% of people with an internal LOC didn’t shock to full voltage whereas only 23% of people with an external LOC didn’t.

49
Q

Asch - variation of group size result

A

3 more confederates who agreed with wrong answer rose the rate by 31.8%

50
Q

5 processes of social change

A

1- drawing attention
2- consistency
3- deeper processing
4 - augmentation principle
5 - snow ball effect

51
Q

how obedience can bring about social change

A

by implementing laws , no smoking inside

52
Q

A03 - social change - evidence

A

real life evidence - suffragette movement
followed the processes of social change

53
Q

A03 - social change - eg applications

A

COVID - synchronic and diachronic consistency about same message going out in every briefing

54
Q

A03- Research support for informational social influence

A

Lucas et al - asked students to complete a sequence of maths problems , higher conformity to wrong answers when the questions were more difficult and was most true for students who rated their maths ability as poor

55
Q

A03 - individual differences in normative social influence

A

people have differing concerns about being liked and some people have greater need for affiliation and they are more likely to conform

56
Q

A03 - normative social influence - Asch variation

A

when asch asked people to write answers instead of saying them aloud , conformity dropped to 12.5% this shows effect of normative social influence

57
Q

A03 - Asch sample size

A

only tested US men
individualistic culture , when this was repeated in collectivist cultures such as japan , conformity levels were higher

58
Q

A03 - zimbardo - control of variables

A

had control over variables and patients , only emotionally stable ps were selected this ruled out individual personality differences as a variable

59
Q

A03 - Zimbardo - lack of realism

A

argument that ps were purely acting to the role of the stereotype rather than conforming
however 90% of prisoners had conversations about prison life which contradicts this

60
Q

A03 - zimbardo - over exaggeration

A

only one third of the guards behaved aggressively all the others were keen to abide by the rules , zimbardo has been accused of over stating the conformity

61
Q

A03 - Milgram - low internal validity

A

Orne and Holland argue that ps behaved the way they did as they knew the set up was fake meaning the study lacked internal validity

62
Q

A03 - milgram - external validity

A

milgram argued that the lab conditions reflected wider authority relationships , 21 out of 22 nurses obey doctors so has other applications

63
Q

A03 - milgram - cross cultural

A

Miranda et al did milgrams study on spanish students both male and female and found obedience rates were over 90% - however both are western cultures

64
Q

A03 - legitimacy of authority support

A

Blass and Schmitt showed students the video of Milgram’s study and asked who was to blame for the shocks , students said the experimenter due to legitimate authority

65
Q

A03 - agentic shift - limited explanation

A

doesn’t explain why some people don’t obey showing agentic shift can only account for some situations

66
Q

A03 - Authoratrian personality - Milgram and Elms

A

conducted a study on the obedient participants and found that they scored highly on the F scale
however this may be a third variable and not the direct cause

67
Q

A03 - Authoratrian personality - limited explanation

A

an individual personality makes it difficult to explain obedience for a whole population , unlikley that all Nazis had an authoritarian personality

68
Q

A03 - F scale - political bias

A

measures the tendency in an extreme right wing ideology meaning it is a politically biased interpretation so can’t account for whole population

69
Q

A03 - F scale - methodological issues

A

all the questions are worded in the same direction so the answers could be a result of acquiescence bias

70
Q

A03 - Social support - Allen and Levine

A

found that conformity in Aschs study reduced with the presence of a dissenter , even when they were wearing thick rimmed glasses which showed they weren’t in a position to judge the length of the line

71
Q

A03 - social support - Gamson

A

replicated milgrams study but in groups of people , and 88% of participants rebelled

72
Q

A03 - locus of control - situational variables

A

LOC only becomes apparent in situations that we are not familiar with however situations with previous experience then the memory of these will be more important

73
Q

synchronic consistency

A

everyone is saying the same thing

74
Q

diachronic consistency

A

they’ve been saying the same thing for a while

75
Q

A03 - minority influence- limited explanation

A

change is slow and often delayed , the change in attitudes about smoking and drink driving took years to come about so is minority influence actually an explanation

76
Q

A03 - minority influence - deeper proecessing?

A

Mackie argues that majority influence creates deeper processing as when people realise a large group don’t agree with their views this will lead to deeper processing

Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches (5 decks)

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