Approaches Flashcards
Behavioural approach
interested in studying observable behaviour
the idea that we learn through association and reinforcement
classical conditioning
learning through association and pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned response
Behaviourist approach - Pavlovs dogs
taught a dog to salivate from sound of a bell and by pairing it with the food , this produced a CR on a NS
operant conditioning
learning is an active process where we operate on enviroment , we are more likely to repeat a behaviour it’s been reinforced
positive reinforcement
receiving a reward - adding something pleasant which increases likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
negative reinforcement
taking away something bad when behaviour is done - increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated
Behaviourist approach - Skinners rats
everytime a lever was pressed a pellet was released , rats learnt this so pressed lever due to positive reinforcement
A03 - applications of OC
used in psychiatric wards in the form of token economies, a token is given every time a good behaviour is shown , these can be spent on privilege’s
A03 - skinners rats
rats not humans so can’t generalise
replicable
unethical
A03 - applications of CC
used in systematic desensitization in treatment of phobias
A03 - little albert
small sample
replicable
unethical
Behaviourist approach - Little Albert - CC
Albert wasn’t scared of rats but a loud sound played every time he played with a rat making him scared this shows learning through association
Humanitsic approach
emphasises importance of experience and free will in shaping our behaviour
self actualisation
the most perfect form of physical and mental health
Maslows hierachy- deficency needs
bottom 4 - we don’t necessarily think about them but when we don’t have them we really notice
5 tiers in Maslows hierachy- have to achieve lower levels to move up
physiological needs
safety and security
love and belonging
self esteem
self actualisation
Rogers - unconditional positive regard
affection and love with no conditions
lead to positive self concept and congruence
Rogers - conditions of worth
limits and boundaries on when children receive love
leads to incongruence and negative self concept
Humanistic Approach a03 - weaknesses
untestable
uses western ideas - self actualisation
Elliot - research evidence on CCT
meta analysis of 86 studies comparing CCT and no treatment and found significant improvement in patients using CCT
Humanistic Approach a03 - strengths (3)
- influence on counselling - CBT and CCT
- hierarchy of needs applied to work place
- holistic as puts behaviour down to many concepts
Rogers - congruence
for growth to be achieved must be congruence between ideal self and current self
Rogers - client centred therapy
patient takes a lead role in therapy
3 features had to be displayed
unconditional positive regard
empathy
genuineness
Biological approach
behaviour is a consequence of genetics, biological structures , neurochemistry and hormones
mind and brain are one and the same
Genotype
genes an individual posseses
Phenotype
genes that are expressed such as height and eye colour
MZ twins
share 100% DNA
DZ twins
share 50% DNA
Gottesman - Shizophrenia
looked at concordance rates of schizophrenia
MZ twins - 48%
shows genetics do play a role but so do other factors
A03 Biological approach - issues and debates
nature
deterministic
holistic
A03 Biological approach - alternative explanations
interactionist approach - genes make us vulnerable but illnesses are also a result of environment - Trauma
A03 Biological approach - implications
good for economy and individual
however ethical implications
A03 Biological approach - applications
drug therapy ( SSri in OCD)
early diagnosis
however treats symptoms not causation
A03 Biological approach - research (3)
labs - high control , high internal validity
objective ( Fmri)
correlation not causation?
Biological approach - examples of hormones
adrenaline - fight or flight
melatonin - sleep
Biological approach - examples of neurotransmitters
OCD - high dopamine , low seratonin
Schiz - high dopamine
depression - low seratonin
Biological approach - examples of genes
COMPT and SERT gene prevalent in OCD
Biological approach - examples of brain structures
CW and HM - damage to hippocampus impaired memory
OCD - leaky basal ganglia
Schiz- enlarged ventricles
Gage - damage to PFC led to personality changes
SLT
copy behaviour we see and learn from watching others
SLT - 4 mediational processes
attention , retention , reproduction , motivation
SLT- Vicarious reinforcement
seeing someone be rewarded for a behaviour makes us more likely to do it
SLT- Bobo doll experiment -
72 children in a room with a doll and teacher.
aggressive model - hit and punched the doll
non aggressive model - ignored doll did something else
aggressive model produced aggressive children
boys imitated men more
women more aggressive to male models
A03 - SLT (5)
- all research done in labs
- ignores role of biology
- applications of reducing negative role models on TV ( Fiji)
- element of free will
- takes cognitive factors into account - meditational processes
Bobo Doll - A03 (4)
- matched pair - children tested for aggressiveness
- lab so good control
- artificial
- shows gender differences
SLT- Bandura Bobo Doll- vicarious reinfiorcement
teacher acted agressivley to doll and kids watched
G1- teacher was punished
G2- teacher rewarded
G3 - teacher had no consequences
most aggressive to doll was G1,G3,G2
cognitive approach
studies internal mental processes scientifically and explains behaviour is a result of internal mental processes
cognitive approach -Schema
cognitive processing is affected by a persons schema which are developed by info and experience
cognitive approach -Computer model
we take info in like a keyboard would , process it and store it in memory , our output is our behaviour and
Pros and Cons of computer model
P - good for MSM
C- machine reductionism
cognitive approach - theoretical models
show the steps involved in internal mental processes
( MSM and WMM)
cognitive approach - A03 methodology (5)
- recognises the complexity of human behaviour
- controlled lab conditions
- artificial tasks
- scientific and objective
- uses inference so mistakes can be made
cognitive approach A03 - applications (3)
cognitive research into memory has led to improvements in EWT
CBT focuses on cognitive neuroscience
led to advances in cognitive neuroscience technology
cognitive approach A03 - drawbacks
- ignores the role of emotion and motivation
- machine reductionism
computer model - how is brain and computer different
- computer isn’t effected by emotions
- humans don’t always pay attention to things whereas computers do
cognitive neuroscience
scientific study of the brain, advances in fMRI and PET scans
Psychodynamic - ice berg theory
conscious - 10% aware of thoughts
pre conscious - 15% can bring into awareness if focus on them
unconscious - 75% not aware and no acess
pyschodynamic approach
behaviour is a result of subconscious and explains that traumatic child experiences pushed into sub conscious lead to mental disorders
parts of personality - super ego
3.5-6 years
moral principle
ideas on how to behave from parents and society
parts of personality - ego
18m-3.5 years
reality principle
conscious and unconscious
balances ID and superEGO
parts of personality - ID
developed at 0-18 moths
wants pleasure
innate instincts
in unconscious
3 defence mechanisms which help balance conflicting demands- ego redirecting pyschic energy
repression - force into unconciouss
denial - not acknowledging
displacement - transferring unpleasent feelings onto something else
5 pyschosexual stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Oral stage
0-18 months
pleasure is focused around mouth
unresolved results in oral fixation - smoking or nail biting
Anal stage
1-3 years
pleasure is focused on anus and pooing
unresolved - anal retention - obsessive and clean , anal expulsion- messy
pyschodynamic - oedpius complex
part of phallic stage
boys want to kill their father as they want to have sex with their mother
electra complex
part of phallic stage
girls have penis envy where they love their dad and hate their mother
Phallic stage
3-5 years
focus on genitals
boys develop Oedipus complex - want to kill dad
girls develop Electra complex - penis envy
unresolved - homosexual
Latency stage
age 6 to puberty
earlier conflicts are repressed into sports and hobbies
same sex friendships are focused on
Psychodynamic approach - A03 weaknesses (3)
- over emphasised childhood experience
- case studies use no scientific methods so not a scientific method
- many of his theories are un falsifiable
Psychodynamic approach - A03 strengths (3)
- highlighted a widely accepted link between childhood and adult experiences
- case studies to support have rich in detail data
psycho analysis is what a lot of therapy is based on
psychodynamic approach - Freuds methods
free association
dream interpretation
Pyschodynamic approach - little hans
hans had a phobia of horses
Freud believed this was because he was in the Oedipus complex and the horse represented his father
he was using displacement for the phobia of his father
genital stage
puberty into adulthood
sexual desires become conscious due to puberty
healthy relationships focused on
introspection
Wundt used this it was the process of looking inwards
Ps would be given a problem , something to memorise or something to concentrate on and asked to report inner experiences
Wundt
first psychologist , opened his lab in Germany in 1875, his approach was known as structuralism.
He published first book on psychology
he identified higher mental processes
4 positives of introspection
- standardised procedure
- controlled lab conditions
- start of experimental methods
- beginning of cognitive approach
5 negatives of introspection
- reports may be distorted due to social desirability
- highly subjective
- delay between experience and recall
- not aware of all thoughts
- can’t be replicated
timeline of approaches
1875- 1980
1875- Wundt structuralism
1900- Pyschodynamic
1913- behaviourist
1950 - humanistic
1950 - cognitive
1960 - SLT
1980 - biological
Bobo Doll - A03
- matched pair - children tested for aggressiveness
