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Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioural approach

A

interested in studying observable behaviour
the idea that we learn through association and reinforcement

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association and pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned response

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3
Q

Behaviourist approach - Pavlovs dogs

A

taught a dog to salivate from sound of a bell and by pairing it with the food , this produced a CR on a NS

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4
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning is an active process where we operate on enviroment , we are more likely to repeat a behaviour it’s been reinforced

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5
Q

positive reinforcement

A

receiving a reward - adding something pleasant which increases likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

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6
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking away something bad when behaviour is done - increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated

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7
Q

Behaviourist approach - Skinners rats

A

everytime a lever was pressed a pellet was released , rats learnt this so pressed lever due to positive reinforcement

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8
Q

A03 - applications of OC

A

used in psychiatric wards in the form of token economies, a token is given every time a good behaviour is shown , these can be spent on privilege’s

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9
Q

A03 - skinners rats

A

rats not humans so can’t generalise
replicable
unethical

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10
Q

A03 - applications of CC

A

used in systematic desensitization in treatment of phobias

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11
Q

A03 - little albert

A

small sample
replicable
unethical

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12
Q

Behaviourist approach - Little Albert - CC

A

Albert wasn’t scared of rats but a loud sound played every time he played with a rat making him scared this shows learning through association

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13
Q

Humanitsic approach

A

emphasises importance of experience and free will in shaping our behaviour

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14
Q

self actualisation

A

the most perfect form of physical and mental health

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15
Q

Maslows hierachy- deficency needs

A

bottom 4 - we don’t necessarily think about them but when we don’t have them we really notice

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16
Q

5 tiers in Maslows hierachy- have to achieve lower levels to move up

A

physiological needs
safety and security
love and belonging
self esteem
self actualisation

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17
Q

Rogers - unconditional positive regard

A

affection and love with no conditions
lead to positive self concept and congruence

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18
Q

Rogers - conditions of worth

A

limits and boundaries on when children receive love
leads to incongruence and negative self concept

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19
Q

Humanistic Approach a03 - weaknesses

A

untestable
uses western ideas - self actualisation

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20
Q

Elliot - research evidence on CCT

A

meta analysis of 86 studies comparing CCT and no treatment and found significant improvement in patients using CCT

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21
Q

Humanistic Approach a03 - strengths (3)

A
  • influence on counselling - CBT and CCT
  • hierarchy of needs applied to work place
  • holistic as puts behaviour down to many concepts
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22
Q

Rogers - congruence

A

for growth to be achieved must be congruence between ideal self and current self

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23
Q

Rogers - client centred therapy

A

patient takes a lead role in therapy
3 features had to be displayed
unconditional positive regard
empathy
genuineness

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24
Q

Biological approach

A

behaviour is a consequence of genetics, biological structures , neurochemistry and hormones
mind and brain are one and the same

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25
Genotype
genes an individual posseses
26
Phenotype
genes that are expressed such as height and eye colour
27
MZ twins
share 100% DNA
28
DZ twins
share 50% DNA
29
Gottesman - Shizophrenia
looked at concordance rates of schizophrenia MZ twins - 48% shows genetics do play a role but so do other factors
30
A03 Biological approach - issues and debates
nature deterministic holistic
31
A03 Biological approach - alternative explanations
interactionist approach - genes make us vulnerable but illnesses are also a result of environment - Trauma
32
A03 Biological approach - implications
good for economy and individual however ethical implications
33
A03 Biological approach - applications
drug therapy ( SSri in OCD) early diagnosis however treats symptoms not causation
34
A03 Biological approach - research (3)
labs - high control , high internal validity objective ( Fmri) correlation not causation?
35
Biological approach - examples of hormones
adrenaline - fight or flight melatonin - sleep
36
Biological approach - examples of neurotransmitters
OCD - high dopamine , low seratonin Schiz - high dopamine depression - low seratonin
37
Biological approach - examples of genes
COMPT and SERT gene prevalent in OCD
38
Biological approach - examples of brain structures
CW and HM - damage to hippocampus impaired memory OCD - leaky basal ganglia Schiz- enlarged ventricles Gage - damage to PFC led to personality changes
39
SLT
copy behaviour we see and learn from watching others
40
SLT - 4 mediational processes
attention , retention , reproduction , motivation
41
SLT- Vicarious reinforcement
seeing someone be rewarded for a behaviour makes us more likely to do it
42
SLT- Bobo doll experiment -
72 children in a room with a doll and teacher. aggressive model - hit and punched the doll non aggressive model - ignored doll did something else aggressive model produced aggressive children boys imitated men more women more aggressive to male models
43
A03 - SLT (5)
- all research done in labs - ignores role of biology - applications of reducing negative role models on TV ( Fiji) - element of free will - takes cognitive factors into account - meditational processes
44
Bobo Doll - A03 (4)
- matched pair - children tested for aggressiveness - lab so good control - artificial - shows gender differences
45
SLT- Bandura Bobo Doll- vicarious reinfiorcement
teacher acted agressivley to doll and kids watched G1- teacher was punished G2- teacher rewarded G3 - teacher had no consequences most aggressive to doll was G1,G3,G2
46
cognitive approach
studies internal mental processes scientifically and explains behaviour is a result of internal mental processes
47
cognitive approach -Schema
cognitive processing is affected by a persons schema which are developed by info and experience
48
cognitive approach -Computer model
we take info in like a keyboard would , process it and store it in memory , our output is our behaviour and
49
Pros and Cons of computer model
P - good for MSM C- machine reductionism
50
cognitive approach - theoretical models
show the steps involved in internal mental processes ( MSM and WMM)
51
cognitive approach - A03 methodology (5)
- recognises the complexity of human behaviour - controlled lab conditions - artificial tasks - scientific and objective - uses inference so mistakes can be made
52
cognitive approach A03 - applications (3)
cognitive research into memory has led to improvements in EWT CBT focuses on cognitive neuroscience led to advances in cognitive neuroscience technology
53
cognitive approach A03 - drawbacks
- ignores the role of emotion and motivation - machine reductionism
54
computer model - how is brain and computer different
- computer isn't effected by emotions - humans don't always pay attention to things whereas computers do
55
cognitive neuroscience
scientific study of the brain, advances in fMRI and PET scans
56
Psychodynamic - ice berg theory
conscious - 10% aware of thoughts pre conscious - 15% can bring into awareness if focus on them unconscious - 75% not aware and no acess
57
pyschodynamic approach
behaviour is a result of subconscious and explains that traumatic child experiences pushed into sub conscious lead to mental disorders
58
parts of personality - super ego
3.5-6 years moral principle ideas on how to behave from parents and society
59
parts of personality - ego
18m-3.5 years reality principle conscious and unconscious balances ID and superEGO
60
parts of personality - ID
developed at 0-18 moths wants pleasure innate instincts in unconscious
61
3 defence mechanisms which help balance conflicting demands- ego redirecting pyschic energy
repression - force into unconciouss denial - not acknowledging displacement - transferring unpleasent feelings onto something else
62
5 pyschosexual stages
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
63
Oral stage
0-18 months pleasure is focused around mouth unresolved results in oral fixation - smoking or nail biting
64
Anal stage
1-3 years pleasure is focused on anus and pooing unresolved - anal retention - obsessive and clean , anal expulsion- messy
65
pyschodynamic - oedpius complex
part of phallic stage boys want to kill their father as they want to have sex with their mother
66
electra complex
part of phallic stage girls have penis envy where they love their dad and hate their mother
67
Phallic stage
3-5 years focus on genitals boys develop Oedipus complex - want to kill dad girls develop Electra complex - penis envy unresolved - homosexual
68
Latency stage
age 6 to puberty earlier conflicts are repressed into sports and hobbies same sex friendships are focused on
69
Psychodynamic approach - A03 weaknesses (3)
- over emphasised childhood experience - case studies use no scientific methods so not a scientific method - many of his theories are un falsifiable
70
Psychodynamic approach - A03 strengths (3)
- highlighted a widely accepted link between childhood and adult experiences - case studies to support have rich in detail data psycho analysis is what a lot of therapy is based on
71
psychodynamic approach - Freuds methods
free association dream interpretation
72
Pyschodynamic approach - little hans
hans had a phobia of horses Freud believed this was because he was in the Oedipus complex and the horse represented his father he was using displacement for the phobia of his father
73
genital stage
puberty into adulthood sexual desires become conscious due to puberty healthy relationships focused on
74
introspection
Wundt used this it was the process of looking inwards Ps would be given a problem , something to memorise or something to concentrate on and asked to report inner experiences
75
Wundt
first psychologist , opened his lab in Germany in 1875, his approach was known as structuralism. He published first book on psychology he identified higher mental processes
76
4 positives of introspection
- standardised procedure - controlled lab conditions - start of experimental methods - beginning of cognitive approach
77
5 negatives of introspection
- reports may be distorted due to social desirability - highly subjective - delay between experience and recall - not aware of all thoughts - can't be replicated
78
timeline of approaches 1875- 1980
1875- Wundt structuralism 1900- Pyschodynamic 1913- behaviourist 1950 - humanistic 1950 - cognitive 1960 - SLT 1980 - biological
79
Bobo Doll - A03
- matched pair - children tested for aggressiveness

Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches (5 decks)

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