Memory Flashcards

Question

STM forgetting is caused by

Answer 1

lack of availability

Answer 2

interference CDF retrival failure

Answer 3

proactive - old info hinders new retroactive - new info hinders old

Answer 4

2 groups - G1 given 1 group of word , G2 given 2 lists of words asked to recall original list G1 recalled better as not affected by retroactive interference

Answer 5

given a list of nonsense syllables and tested 24hrs later bad recall as proactive interference as in previous study

Answer 6

associated cues aren't present at retrival

Answer 7

cues are in the environment

Answer 8

cues are internal

Answer 9

material learnt on land or underwater was better recalled in same context 40% more forgotten when contexts didn't match up

Answer 10

material learnt either drunk or sober , recalled better when recalled in same state it was learnt in

Answer 11

low anxiety - under aroused bad recall high anxiety - over aroused attention narrowed

Answer 12

2 groups hear argument in next door room G1- man appears with greasy pen G2- man appears with bloody knife G1- pen - 49% accuracy G2- knife - 33% accuracy

Answer 13

a question asked in a specific way that encourages a particular answer

Answer 14

shown a video of car crash asked speed of car but using smashed bumped contacted collided smashed - 41mph contacted - 32 mph

Answer 15

witnesses to shooting were interviewed and asked to rate stress more stressed - 85% accuracy recall less stressed - 75% accuracy recall

Answer 16

G1 - video of girl stealing G2- in pairs , 1 watched video of stealing , 1 watched video but didn't see stealing Cowitness group - 71% said they saw her steal when they didn't

Answer 17

recall everything change perspective change narrative order mental reinstatement

Answer 18

240 ps watched a video 120 interviewed standardly 120 interviewed with CI 35% better recall with CI

Answer 19

Cowan reviewed Millers study and found the capacity of STM was about 4 chunks suggesting Miller has over estimated it

Answer 20

high external validity due to real life meaningful stimuli however external variables not controlled

Answer 21

Baddeley showed that acoustically simialr words get mixed up in STM and semantically similar words get mixed up in LTM , shows the stores are encoded differently

Answer 22

shows there must be more than one type of STM as when he was read digits he couldn't recall them but when he read them himself he could

Answer 23

Watkins found that there are two types of rehearsal maintenance and elaborative and elabrotative is needed for LTM storage

Answer 24

both had severely impaired episodic memory but good procedural memory. CW could still play the piano showing one LTM type can be damaged and others can be fine

Answer 25

episodic and semantic memories activated pre frontal cortex during rehearsal, semantic in the left side and episodic in the right

Answer 26

squire disagrees there are 3 types of LTM but instead thinks there are two , episodic and sematic are declarative and procedual is non declarative

Answer 27

found that Ps had more difficulty doing two verbal tasks at once then when they did a visual and verbal task , showing that two visual tasks compete for same system

Answer 28

Braver asked ps to do tasks that involved the CE whilst having a brain scan , they found greater activity in PFC as the task became harder showing the CE works harder when demands increase

Answer 29

asked rugby players to recall the names of the teams they played that season , they found that recall was not effected by length of time since their last game but instead how many teams they had played since

Answer 30

Baddeley argues that context effects have to be very contrasting for context dependent forgetting to occur so the idea that learning and recalling in different rooms causes CDF isn't true

Answer 31

Godden and Baddeley replicated their divers study but using recognition of words rather than recall and found results same in all 4 conditions showing CDF only occurs when tested in a certain way

Answer 32

ESP is based upon assumption and can't be tested

Answer 33

it is a basic principle of CI which helps EW recall more information

Answer 34

the effect of leading questions on memory shows the importance of police interviews not using them as they can cause a false EWT so this can improve the legal system

Answer 35

due to the car crash being a video there is no effect of emotions which have been proved to effect EWT meaning it lacks validity

Answer 36

people beleive that older people are worse at giving EWT however age groups tend to be better at identifying people their own age

Answer 37

found that 18-25 and 35-45 year olds had better recall in EWT then 55-78 yo

Answer 38

replicated johnson and scotts study in a hair salon using scissors and a chicken , they found recall to be better with the chicken even though this is less threatening , showing weapon focus effect may be a result of surprise rather than anxiety

Answer 39

there are ethical issues in creating anxiety in participants known as psychological harm which doesn't challenge the findings but does question the need for the research

Answer 40

low anxiety creates poor recall but too high anxiety also does so it is shown as an inverted U

Answer 41

anxiety is difficult to define and measure as it has many elements , the only type of anxiety the inverted U theory only refers to physiological arosual

Answer 42

way more time consuming than a standard police interview and requires special training in order to be done properly

Answer 43

they found that the report everything and context reinstatement produced better recall than other components which shows some elements are more valuable than others

Answer 44

did a 50 study meta analysis and found that CI consistently provided more correct information than a standard interview

Answer 45

using CI did increase correct info recalled by 81% but also saw an increase of 61% of incorrect information recalled