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Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches > Attatchment > Flashcards

Attatchment Flashcards

1
Q

attatchment definition

A

emotional bond between two people

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2
Q

5 caregiver infant interactions

A

Reciprocity
Caregieverease ( voice)
interactional synchrony ( mirroring)
bodily contact
mimicking

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3
Q

Schaffer and Emerson

A

studied 60 babies from Glasgow monthly for a year and then again at 18 months
mothers were asked questions about the babies
produced 4 stages of attatchment

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4
Q

stages of attatchment -Asocial stage

A

0-6 weeks
attention seeking behaviour ( crying and smiling)
not directed at anyone in particular

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5
Q

stages of attatchment -Indiscriminate

A

6 weeks - 7 months
seeks attention
preferences to familiar faces

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6
Q

stages of attatchment -specific attatchment

A

7 -11 months
attactchment to primary caregiver
stranger anxiety

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7
Q

multiple attatchment

A

after initial attatchment is formed, child can go on to form attatchment with multiple people

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8
Q

Schaffer and Emerson variable finding

A

primary attatchment was often with the most responsive caregiver

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9
Q

Schaffer and Emerson A03

A

poor population validity - small sample
demand characteristics from mother

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10
Q

Role of the father

A

play a more play mate role than mother
prefer contact with father in a positive state but mother when in a negative state

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11
Q

Father as main caregiver

A

if they are the main caregiver they become more reponsive

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12
Q

2 factors affecting father being caregiver

A

social policys - paternal leave is a recent thing
biology - oestrogen is what makes women responsive

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13
Q

Harlows monkeys

A

Monkeys placed in a cage with two models , one with cloth and one with wire that provided milk
time spent with models was recorded and found that most time spent with cloth as provided contact comfort

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14
Q

Ross et al - nappies

A

positive correlation between nappies changed by father and strength if relationship

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15
Q

Harlow A03

A

unethical
has given insight of attatchment
emotional care in hospitals

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16
Q

Lorenz

A

hatched half the geese eggs normally with mother and half in an incubator where he was first moving thing they saw
imprinted to Lorenz , innate

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17
Q

CC and attatchment

A

infants become attatched due to food as being fed creates happiness so mother is the CS

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18
Q

OC and attachment

A

infants are positively reinforced when being fed so gain attachment to what feeds them

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19
Q

A03 OC and CC and attatchment

A

Both Harlow and Schaffer and Emerso found that food wasn’t the cause of primary attatchment

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20
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory

A

attatchment is vital for survival and has evolved due to evolution, innate.
One attatchment is more imprtant than any others

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21
Q

Bowlbys critical period

A

0- 2.5 years , not developed in that time it never will

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22
Q

Bowlbys internal working model

A

primary attachment creates a prototype for how future relationships work

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23
Q

A03 of Bowlbys monotropic theory

A

supported by Lorenz
Romanian Orphan studies shows if initial attatchment isn’t made others can be

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24
Q

Strange situation aim

A

a controlled observation procedure to measure the security of attachment a child displays before a caregiver.

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25
Q

strange situation - insecure avoidant

A

20-25%
child shows little seperation protest
child avoids contact upon reunion
child treats stranger same way as parent

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26
Q

strange situation - insecure resistant

A

3%
shows lots of seperation protest
resists contact upon reunion
lots of stranger anxiety

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27
Q

strange situation - secure

A

60-75%
child shows separation protest
child seeks contact on reunion with caregiver
child wary of stranger

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28
Q

strange situation proc

A

a series of interactions between caregiver, child and stranger. Baby was left alone with the stranger and alone by itself.

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29
Q

4 Behaviours being looked for in strange situation

A

proximity seeking
exploration
stranger anxiety
response to reunion

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30
Q

A03 - strange situation positives

A

high internal validity
replicable
cause and effect established

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31
Q

A03 - strange situation negatives

A

lacks mundane realism
culturally biased ( ethnocentrism)
ethical implications

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32
Q

Lizenberg and Kroonberg variations in attatchement

A

meta analysis study of 32 studies in 8 countries looking at attatchment types

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33
Q

lizenborg - Secure attatchment results

A

lowest in China , highest in GB

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34
Q

Germany attatchment

A

insecure avoidant

35
Q

Differences in culture

A

more intracultrural differences than intercultural

36
Q

A03 of Lizenberg and Kroonberg- sample

A

large amount of studies were from USA

37
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

A

if a child was away from primary attatchment for prolonged period during first 2.5 years would cause damage

38
Q

consequences of maternal deprivation

A

low IQ - supported by Goldfarb who found lower IQ in care kids
emotionally affectionless and pyschopathic tendencies

39
Q

Romanian orphan study method

A

studied 111 Romanian orphans adopted by British families before 2 years old, he looked at the effect of age and split them into 3 groups
- adopted before 6 months
- adopted between 6months-2years
- after age of two

40
Q

Romanian orphan study results

A

adopted after 6 months - disinhibited attachment
adopted before 6 months - didn’t display disinhibited

41
Q

effect on attatchment in future

A

poor attatchment leads to poor relationships , poor parenting , and either being bullied or being a bully

42
Q

Romanian orphan studies - A03

A

Real life application - has led to improvements in child care
No confounding variable
Can’t generalise findings to everyone that’s been adopted as this was particularly bed

43
Q

4 stages of attatchment

A

asocial , indiscrimnate , specific, multiple

44
Q

meltzoff and Moore - interactional synchrony

A

an adult displayed one of three facial expressions or gestures , the response was filmed and inter observed and a link was found between what the adult had displayed and what the child had displayed

45
Q

Isabella et al - interactional synchrony

A

found after observation of 30 mothers that high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother infant attachment

46
Q

issues on role of father research

A
  • inconsistent research findings as some research is looking at father as primary attachment and some as secondary attachment so the question of what is the role of the father can’t be answered
47
Q

Schaffer and Emerson - issue with studying asocial stage

A

babies are immobile during this stage so difficult to make judgements about them based on their behaviour

48
Q

A03 of learning theory of attachment - animal studies

A

Lorenz showed imprinting happened before food was given
Harlow’s monkeys show food isn’t important

49
Q

evidence against Bowlby’s monotropic theory- Koluchova

A

studied 2 twins who were isolated from the age of 18months to seven years old in a cupboard but after being adopted were okay

50
Q

Grossman et al - role of father

A

longitudinal study on roles of fathers and found that quality of infant attachment with mothers was related to attatchments in adolescent but not the same with fathers showing they play a less important role

51
Q

Schaffer and Emerson - role of the father

A

75% of secondary attachments were with the father

52
Q

Tiffany - father as primary caregiver

A

if a father takes on role of primary caregiver they can be nurtruing , she studied this by looking at videos with primary caregivers and found similar interactions between mother and fathers

53
Q

A03 - observing interactions

A

observing infants is hand movements and facial expressions , its very difficult to actually know what they mean and what is taking place from the infants perspective

54
Q

A03 - observations don’t tell us the purpose

A

they are descriptions of behaviours that are being shown but doesn’t actually tell us the purpose

55
Q

A03 - role of father and absence

A

if fathers are so important why are children without one not any different , McCallum studied children without fathers and found children don’t develop any differently

56
Q

A03 - Schaffer and Emerson - cultural differnces

A

in collectivist cultures its believed babies form multiple attachments first as families jointly work together to care for the child

57
Q

A03 - Lorenz - contradicting research

A

Guiton imprinted chicks with a yellow glove and they would try to mate with it however did eventually realise they had to mate with other chickens , showing Lorenz’s imprinting effects weren’t so permanent

58
Q

Harlow - monkey maternal deprivation

A

he also stduied babies who had been raised with the wire model and found them to be much more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys

59
Q

Harlow - crictical period

A

he found monkeys had 90 days for an attatchment to form and if it didn’t then it never would

60
Q

A03 - Learning theory of attachment - Scahffer and Emersons findings

A

found that infants developed primary attatchemnet to mother even when other caregiver did most of the feeding

61
Q

A03 - Learninig theory - too simplistic

A

ignores other factors such as interactional synchrony which have been proved by research to effect the quality of attachment

62
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory - law of continuity

A

the more constant and predictable the child care is , the stronger the attachment

63
Q

Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory - law of accumulated seperation

A

the effects of every seperation from the mother add up

64
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory - critical period

A

if attatchment isnt formed by first wo years it never will be

65
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory - social releasers

A

babies are born with innate and cute behaviours that encourage attention from adults

66
Q

A03 - Bowlbys MO theory - schaffer and emerson - against

A

Schaffer and Emerson showed multiple attachments could be formed at the same time

67
Q

A03 - Bowlbys MO theory - support for internal working model - Brazzleton

A

Brazleton assessed 99 mothers on the quality of attachment using standard interview and observation, then they asked them what their attachment was like with their own parents and found those who said they were poor were classified as poor during the observation

68
Q

A03 - Bowlbys MO- Socially sensitive

A

puts the idea that mothers are responsible for everything that goes wrong for a child

69
Q

A03 - Strange situation - more types of attatchment

A

ainsworth only measured the three types of attachment however not all children fall into these , there is a 4th one known as a disorganised

70
Q

IJzendoorn - findings on secure

A

secure was most common in all countries
50% in China
75% in UK

71
Q

IJzendoorn - findings on insecure resistant

A

least common in all countries
3% in Britain
30% in Israel

72
Q

IJzendoorn - findings on insecure avoidant

A

most common in Germany
least common in Japan

73
Q

Bowlbys Theory of maternal deprivation- Theives study

A

interviewed 44 teenage thieves and found 14 to have pyschopathic tendencies, 12 out of 14 of these had suffered from maternal deprivation

74
Q

A03 - Golfarb - Bowlbys Theory of maternal deprivation

A

these orphans were from orphanages in ww2 which were particularly extreme as they were often traumatised and had poor after care

75
Q

A03 - Thieves study

A
  • carried out by Bowlby himself which is research bias
  • Replicated by Lewis but using 500 ps and found no link between psychopathic tendancies and maternal deprivation
76
Q

A03-Bowlbys Theory of maternal deprivation- Research support- Levy

A

Levy et al showed separating baby rats from mothers for as little as a day had a permanent effect on social development

77
Q

Romanian Orphan studies procedure

A

studied 165 Romanian orphans and assessed them at the ages 4,6,11,15 and compared with 52 British orphans

78
Q

Romanian OS - findings

A

when they first adopted they had delayed intellectual development
by 11 they had showed differing rates of recovery depending on the age they were adopted
adopted before 6 months - IQ was 102
adopted after 6 months - IQ was 86

79
Q

A03 - Romanian OS - allocation

A

they weren’t randomly assigned as groups were pre existing, meaning some children may have been more sociable than others which becomes a confounding variable

80
Q

Hazan - love quiz - procedure

A
  • love quiz put in an American Newspaper with 3 sections
  • first section was about current or most important relationship
  • second section was no of partners and general love experience
  • third section asked them to describe feelings on childhood
81
Q

Hazan - love quiz results

A

those who were securely attached tended to have good long lasting relationship’s whereas avoidants tended to fear intimacy and show jealousy

82
Q

A03 - influence of childhood on future relationships - Zimmerman

A

found little association between quality of infant and adult attachment showing internal working model may not exist

83
Q

A03 - influence of childhood on future relationships - alternative explanations

A

other factors such as parenting style and temprament may have an effect on how a child forms relationships

84
Q

A03-influence of childhood on future relationships - probalistic

A

Clarke et al describes the infleunce as probablistic , people are not doomed they just have a greater risk

Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches (5 decks)

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