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Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches > Pyschopathology > Flashcards

Pyschopathology Flashcards

1
Q

deviation from social norms

A

different behaviour to what people would consider normal

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2
Q

limiation of social norms definition

A

subjective as vary from culture to culture and also change over time

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3
Q

statistical infrequency

A

anything at extreme ends of the scale are abnornmal ( IQ Test)

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4
Q

2 factors affecting statistical infrequency

A

frequency and duration of behaviour

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5
Q

strength and weakness of statistical infrequency definition

A

strength - objective
Weakeness- doesn’t consider how desirable a trait is

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6
Q

FFA

A

if a person can function adequately in everyday life

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7
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of FFA

A

strength - objective so personal
weakness- people want different things

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8
Q

WHODAS Scale

A

1-6 scale from no difficulty to extreme difficulty of everyday tasks

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9
Q

strengths of Jahodas ideal mental health

A

covers all the reasons why someone may seek help

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10
Q

Jahodas 6 conditions of ideal mental health

A

High self esteem
growth and self actualisation
mastery of environment
cope with stress
Autonomy -independence
accurate perception of reality

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11
Q

Limtation of Jahodas ideal mental health

A

looks at mental health being simailr to physical health

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12
Q

Phobia

A

an extreme fear and anxiety triggered by something

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13
Q

behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

avoidance- strengthened by negative reinforcement as by avoiding it youre avoiding the negative feeling

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14
Q

emotional characteristics of phobias

A

extreme anxiety

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15
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

aware of the anxiety

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16
Q

DSM 3 categories of phobias

A

Agrophobia - fear of leaving home
Social - interaction with others
specific - fear to specific object

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17
Q

Two process model - phobias

A

phobias are a result of CC of anxiety response to a NS
OC explains how phobias are maintained , negative reinforcement when avoid

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18
Q

A03 of two process model- little albert

A

little albert shows CC of a phobia

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19
Q

systematic desensitization

A

two competing emotions can’t occur at the same time so fear is replaced with relaxation and the fear can’t continue

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20
Q

Systematic desentisation 3 stages

A

1 - patient must learn relaxation techniques as they must be able to relax at every stage
2- hierarchy of stimuli causing least to most anxiety
3- patient works there way through the hierarchy practicing relaxation techniques and until the therapist is happy you are totally relaxed, they won’t move onto the next stage

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21
Q

Systematic desentisation - in vivo in vitro

A

invivo - patient imagines
in vitro - patient actually undergoes

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22
Q

systematic desensitisation strengths

A

is effective for most specific phobias
suitable for a diverse range of patients
more pleasant than flooding

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23
Q

Systematic desensitisation weaknesses

A

doesn’t improve social phobias as much
takes time

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24
Q

result of flooding - CC

A

learned response is extinguished when the CS is encountered with the US , meaning the CS no longer produces CR ( fear)

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25
Flooding
full exposure to the phobia with no relaxation techniques , anxiety can only reach a certain point
26
Flooding - weaknesses
not effective for complex phobias such as social phobias traumatic for patients can make it worse
27
Flooding -strengths
stops phobic responses v quickly extinction - gets rid of it cost effective
28
OCD
anxiety disorder caused by intrusive thoughts followed by actions that have to be carried out
29
Cognitive characteristics of OCD
obesesive thoughts
30
Emotional characteristics of OCD
extreme anxiety
31
Behavioural characetristics of OCD
compulsions - repetative behaviour
32
Genetics and OCD
studies show that Genes have an influence over OCD SERT and COMPT gene prevelant
33
OCD concordance rate
87%
34
Neural explanation for OCD
hyperactive prefrontal cortex, reduce seratonin , excessive dopamine
35
Drugs for OCD
SSri and SRi - increase seratonin levels
36
A03 of SSri
improve OCD symptoms on some but worsens on others unpleasant side effects
37
Depression
mental illness causing prolonged low mood
38
Behavioural characteristics of depression
loss of appetite , loss of sleep, loss of energy
39
emotional characteristics of depression
intense sadness, worthlessness
40
Cognitive characteristics of depression
negative thoughts , low self esteem
41
cognitive approach and deppression
depression is due to faulty mental processes - cognitive bias and negative schemas
42
Becks negative Triad - depression
depressed people have negative thoughts about themselves the world and the future, maintained by cogntitve bias and negative schemas
43
Ellis ABC Model - depression
A - activating event B - irrational belief C - consequence ( depression)
44
CBT - Depression
attempts to change the way a patient thinks shows a client their thoughts are causing them to be depressed client does homework - proves beliefs wrong
45
CBT strength
very effective in treating depression short long lasting as patient is helping themselves
46
systematic desensitization - Wolpe
two competing emotions can't occur at the same time so fear is replaced with relaxation and the fear can't continue
47
A03 - statistical infrequency- labelling
not everyone benefits from a label as knowledge of having an intellectual disability isn't always a good thing especially if they are living a fufilled life
48
A03 - statsical infrequency - alternative explanations
is not a sole explanation , other factors need to be considered such as FFA
49
A03 - FFA - objective judgements
someone has to judge if the patient is distressed , some patients may say they are distressed but may not be judged as suffering making it objective
50
A03 - FFA - patients perspective
although it is objective it does attempt to include subjective experience of the individual so does acknowledge the importance of the patient experience
51
A03 - deviation from ideal mental health- comprehensive
covers a broad range of criteria and can cover almost every reason people may seek help
52
A03 - treating phobias - symptom substitution
when one phobia disappears another may take it's place however does get rid of original phobia so
53
A03 - Becks triad - Research evidence - Grazioli and Terry
they assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth , those who were cognitively vulnerable were more likely to develop post natal depression
54
A03 - Becks triad - doesn't explain all aspects
explains all the basic symptoms of depression however doesn't explain symptoms such as hallucinations and bizzaire beliefs- same case with ABC
55
A03 - ABC model - partial explanation
not all depressive cases are triggered by an event so the model only applies to some people
56
A03 - ABC - CBT
has led to useful applications in CBT
57
A03 - Depression - alternative explanations
studies of attachment show that insecurely attached infants are more vulnerable to depression
58
A03 - CBT and depression - research evidence
compared drug therapy , CBT and combination as 3 variables - 81% for Drugs - 81% for CBT - 86% for combination suggests CBT is a good first treatment for NHS
59
A03 - CBT and depression - severity
may not work with more severe cases as patients may not be able to motivate themselves to get to it or participate
60
A03 - CBT- Relationship between therapist
Rozenweigh suggested the success of CBT may actually be down to the relationship with the therapist rather than the techniques being used
61
A03 - CBT - over emphasis on cognition
a huge emphasis is put on how we think however situational factors may also be causing depression such as poverty and if these are overlooked and not changed then treatment won't be affective
62
A03 - neural explanation of OCD - drugs
SSRis are an effective form of treatment for OCD and involve producing more seratonin , showing it must be responsible
63
A03 -neural explanation of OCD - unclear
it's unclear what mechanisms are actually involved in OCD as research has identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes
64
A03 - biological explanation for OCD - too many genes
evidence that genetics do play a role but there hasn't been huge success in pinning down specific genes as several genetic variations are involved
65
A03 - neural explanations of OCD - co morbidity
many who suffer OCD also become depressed , depression often involves disruption to seratonin levels so could this be the cause of it in OCD patients
66
A03 - SSRI's and OCD effectiveness
Soomro compared 17 studies using placebos and SSRis and found that SSris always showed better results symptoms decline for 70% of patients who take SSris
67
A03 - drug treatment
chepaer compared to therapy treatment , providing good value for NHS and less time involved

Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches (5 decks)

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