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Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches > Pyschopathology > Flashcards

Pyschopathology Flashcards

1
Q

deviation from social norms

A

different behaviour to what people would consider normal

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2
Q

limiation of social norms definition

A

subjective as vary from culture to culture and also change over time

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3
Q

statistical infrequency

A

anything at extreme ends of the scale are abnornmal ( IQ Test)

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4
Q

2 factors affecting statistical infrequency

A

frequency and duration of behaviour

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5
Q

strength and weakness of statistical infrequency definition

A

strength - objective
Weakeness- doesn’t consider how desirable a trait is

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6
Q

FFA

A

if a person can function adequately in everyday life

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7
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of FFA

A

strength - objective so personal
weakness- people want different things

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8
Q

WHODAS Scale

A

1-6 scale from no difficulty to extreme difficulty of everyday tasks

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9
Q

strengths of Jahodas ideal mental health

A

covers all the reasons why someone may seek help

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10
Q

Jahodas 6 conditions of ideal mental health

A

High self esteem
growth and self actualisation
mastery of environment
cope with stress
Autonomy -independence
accurate perception of reality

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11
Q

Limtation of Jahodas ideal mental health

A

looks at mental health being simailr to physical health

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12
Q

Phobia

A

an extreme fear and anxiety triggered by something

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13
Q

behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

avoidance- strengthened by negative reinforcement as by avoiding it youre avoiding the negative feeling

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14
Q

emotional characteristics of phobias

A

extreme anxiety

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15
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

aware of the anxiety

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16
Q

DSM 3 categories of phobias

A

Agrophobia - fear of leaving home
Social - interaction with others
specific - fear to specific object

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17
Q

Two process model - phobias

A

phobias are a result of CC of anxiety response to a NS
OC explains how phobias are maintained , negative reinforcement when avoid

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18
Q

A03 of two process model- little albert

A

little albert shows CC of a phobia

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19
Q

systematic desensitization

A

two competing emotions can’t occur at the same time so fear is replaced with relaxation and the fear can’t continue

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20
Q

Systematic desentisation 3 stages

A

1 - patient must learn relaxation techniques as they must be able to relax at every stage
2- hierarchy of stimuli causing least to most anxiety
3- patient works there way through the hierarchy practicing relaxation techniques and until the therapist is happy you are totally relaxed, they won’t move onto the next stage

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21
Q

Systematic desentisation - in vivo in vitro

A

invivo - patient imagines
in vitro - patient actually undergoes

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22
Q

systematic desensitisation strengths

A

is effective for most specific phobias
suitable for a diverse range of patients
more pleasant than flooding

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23
Q

Systematic desensitisation weaknesses

A

doesn’t improve social phobias as much
takes time

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24
Q

result of flooding - CC

A

learned response is extinguished when the CS is encountered with the US , meaning the CS no longer produces CR ( fear)

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25
Q

Flooding

A

full exposure to the phobia with no relaxation techniques , anxiety can only reach a certain point

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26
Q

Flooding - weaknesses

A

not effective for complex phobias such as social phobias
traumatic for patients
can make it worse

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27
Q

Flooding -strengths

A

stops phobic responses v quickly
extinction - gets rid of it
cost effective

28
Q

OCD

A

anxiety disorder caused by intrusive thoughts followed by actions that have to be carried out

29
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

obesesive thoughts

30
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A

extreme anxiety

31
Q

Behavioural characetristics of OCD

A

compulsions - repetative behaviour

32
Q

Genetics and OCD

A

studies show that Genes have an influence over OCD
SERT and COMPT gene prevelant

33
Q

OCD concordance rate

A

87%

34
Q

Neural explanation for OCD

A

hyperactive prefrontal cortex, reduce seratonin , excessive dopamine

35
Q

Drugs for OCD

A

SSri and SRi - increase seratonin levels

36
Q

A03 of SSri

A

improve OCD symptoms on some but worsens on others
unpleasant side effects

37
Q

Depression

A

mental illness causing prolonged low mood

38
Q

Behavioural characteristics of depression

A

loss of appetite , loss of sleep, loss of energy

39
Q

emotional characteristics of depression

A

intense sadness, worthlessness

40
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression

A

negative thoughts , low self esteem

41
Q

cognitive approach and deppression

A

depression is due to faulty mental processes - cognitive bias and negative schemas

42
Q

Becks negative Triad - depression

A

depressed people have negative thoughts about themselves the world and the future, maintained by cogntitve bias and negative schemas

43
Q

Ellis ABC Model - depression

A

A - activating event
B - irrational belief
C - consequence ( depression)

44
Q

CBT - Depression

A

attempts to change the way a patient thinks
shows a client their thoughts are causing them to be depressed
client does homework - proves beliefs wrong

45
Q

CBT strength

A

very effective in treating depression
short
long lasting as patient is helping themselves

46
Q

systematic desensitization - Wolpe

A

two competing emotions can’t occur at the same time so fear is replaced with relaxation and the fear can’t continue

47
Q

A03 - statistical infrequency- labelling

A

not everyone benefits from a label as knowledge of having an intellectual disability isn’t always a good thing especially if they are living a fufilled life

48
Q

A03 - statsical infrequency - alternative explanations

A

is not a sole explanation , other factors need to be considered such as FFA

49
Q

A03 - FFA - objective judgements

A

someone has to judge if the patient is distressed , some patients may say they are distressed but may not be judged as suffering making it objective

50
Q

A03 - FFA - patients perspective

A

although it is objective it does attempt to include subjective experience of the individual so does acknowledge the importance of the patient experience

51
Q

A03 - deviation from ideal mental health- comprehensive

A

covers a broad range of criteria and can cover almost every reason people may seek help

52
Q

A03 - treating phobias - symptom substitution

A

when one phobia disappears another may take it’s place however does get rid of original phobia so

53
Q

A03 - Becks triad - Research evidence - Grazioli and Terry

A

they assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth , those who were cognitively vulnerable were more likely to develop post natal depression

54
Q

A03 - Becks triad - doesn’t explain all aspects

A

explains all the basic symptoms of depression however doesn’t explain symptoms such as hallucinations and bizzaire beliefs- same case with ABC

55
Q

A03 - ABC model - partial explanation

A

not all depressive cases are triggered by an event so the model only applies to some people

56
Q

A03 - ABC - CBT

A

has led to useful applications in CBT

57
Q

A03 - Depression - alternative explanations

A

studies of attachment show that insecurely attached infants are more vulnerable to depression

58
Q

A03 - CBT and depression - research evidence

A

compared drug therapy , CBT and combination as 3 variables
- 81% for Drugs
- 81% for CBT
- 86% for combination
suggests CBT is a good first treatment for NHS

59
Q

A03 - CBT and depression - severity

A

may not work with more severe cases as patients may not be able to motivate themselves to get to it or participate

60
Q

A03 - CBT- Relationship between therapist

A

Rozenweigh suggested the success of CBT may actually be down to the relationship with the therapist rather than the techniques being used

61
Q

A03 - CBT - over emphasis on cognition

A

a huge emphasis is put on how we think however situational factors may also be causing depression such as poverty and if these are overlooked and not changed then treatment won’t be affective

62
Q

A03 - neural explanation of OCD - drugs

A

SSRis are an effective form of treatment for OCD and involve producing more seratonin , showing it must be responsible

63
Q

A03 -neural explanation of OCD - unclear

A

it’s unclear what mechanisms are actually involved in OCD as research has identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes

64
Q

A03 - biological explanation for OCD - too many genes

A

evidence that genetics do play a role but there hasn’t been huge success in pinning down specific genes as several genetic variations are involved

65
Q

A03 - neural explanations of OCD - co morbidity

A

many who suffer OCD also become depressed , depression often involves disruption to seratonin levels so could this be the cause of it in OCD patients

66
Q

A03 - SSRI’s and OCD effectiveness

A

Soomro compared 17 studies using placebos and SSRis and found that SSris always showed better results
symptoms decline for 70% of patients who take SSris

67
Q

A03 - drug treatment

A

chepaer compared to therapy treatment , providing good value for NHS and less time involved

Pysch Paper 1 and Approaches (5 decks)

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