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Social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Who discovered the three types of conformity

A

Kelman 1958

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2
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Define the three types of conformity

A
  • Compliance
  • Identification
  • Internalisation
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3
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Is compliance a short or long term effect?

A

Short term

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4
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Is compliance public or private?

A

It is a public change but personal values remain the same

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5
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Define compliance

A

A person publicly conforms with the views/behaviour of a majority even if they privately disagree

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6
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Give an example of compliance

A

Laughing at a joke because everybody else finds it funny

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7
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Is identification a short or long term change?

A

A short term change

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8
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Define identification

A

Publicly and privately accepting the majority view in order to gain group acceptance. The person already agrees with the behaviour but mimics the group to fit in.

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9
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Give an example of identification

A

A football fan joining in with a team chant whilst sat watching a match

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10
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Define internalisation

A

Publicly or privately accepting the majority views and this change is likely to be permanent.

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11
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

Give an example of internalisation

A

A person sharing a flat with vegetarians and then becoming vegetarian, a long term lifestyle change

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12
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

Describe normative influence

A

Compliance, a person will bow into pressure and agree with the majority because they don’t want to be an outsider

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13
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

Who conducted the key study into conformity and when?

A

Solomon Asch 1956

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14
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

How did Asch investigate normative influence?

A

A lab experiment, using 123 male undergraduates. Panels of 6: 5 confederates and 1 participant, asked the line question

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15
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

What did Asch’s results show?

A

36.8% of participants were influenced to give the wrong answer, 75% answered incorrectly at least once

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16
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

Give one positive of Asch’s study

A

Methodology: clear variables, replicable and offers directly observable empirical evidence

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17
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

Give two negatives of Asch’s study

A
  • Lack of ecological validity: lab based study, the tasks lack mundane realism
  • Temporal validity: “a child of it’s time”, in 1950s America people were highly conformist to social norms, may have been a fear element involved
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18
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

Who investigated informational influence?

A

Moscovici

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19
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

Describe Moscovici’s study

A

Showed 2 confederates and 4 pps 36 slides with different shades of blue, the confederates would say green to see if participants might conform to a minority

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20
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

What was Moscivici’s three conditions

A

Inconsistent: pps said green for 2/3 of slides
Consistent: pps said green for every slide
Control: no pps in the experiment

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21
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR CONFORMITY

What were Moscovici’s findings?

A

32% gave the same answer as minority at least once, the study showed consistency to be the key

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22
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

Describe deindividuation

A

Stripping people of their identities, consequently causing them to behave in unprecedented ways

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23
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

A

Zimbardo

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24
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

How did Zimbardo get participants for the experiment?

A

Placing a newspaper ad for male students at Stanford University. He ended up recruiting 22 healthy males: 11 to be guards and 11 to be prisoners. This selection was completely random.

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25
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

How much were students being paid?

A

$15 per day

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26
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

Describe the guards

A

The guards all wore green khaki suits and sunglasses, referred to as “Mr Correction Officer”. Stripped of their identities. Told they were chosen because of special qualities, this wasn’t true.

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27
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

Describe prisoners

A

Wore dresses with a chain around their neck, referred to as numbers, degrading

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28
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

What did Zimbardo act as?

A

The prison warden

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29
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

What were the three rules given at the beggining?

A
  1. Guards must not be violent
  2. Prisoners must be fed 3x a day
  3. There must be 3 daily inspections
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30
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

What was the experiment reduced to?

A

2 weeks to 6 days, one prisoner had a mental breakdown on day 2

31
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

Give one positive of the Stanford prison experiment

A

Extremely influential for social psychologists

32
Q

CONFORMITY TO SOCIAL ROLES

Give two negatives of the Stanford prison experiment

A

DRIP, Zimbardo had gone native and was too involved with the experiment

33
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Who investigated obedience?

A

Stanley Milgram

34
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Why did Milgram investigate obedience?

A

Milgram was Jewish and wanted to see whether the holocaust could happen again

35
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

How many participants did Milgram have?

A

40 males, newspaper ad

36
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Where did the experiment take place?

A

Yale University

37
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

How was the experiment set up?

A

The participant and professor are in one room. Milgram watches participant through glass window. Confederate in an adjoining room.

38
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Describe the experiment

A

1 Confederate and 1 genuine participant. Confederate learner and participant teacher. Teacher asks learner a question, if the learner gets it wrong they get a shock. The shocks range from 15 - 450V.

39
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

What standardized prompts were used?

A

“The experiment requires you to carry on”

40
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Were the participants shocked at the beginning?

A

Yes, 15V to show how painful it is

41
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

What were the results

A
  • Every single participant went up to 300V

- 65% went all the way, even after hearing Mr Wallace complain of having heart problems and the audio went silent

42
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Give two positives of Milgram’s experiment

A
  • Influential study: one of the most famous social psychology experiments to date
  • RWA: the holocaust
43
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Give one negative of Milgram’s experiment

A

DRIP

  • Pps decieved
  • No formal consent
  • Standardized prompts infringed right to withdraw
44
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Why did so many obey?

A

BLAG

45
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

What does BLAG stand for?

A

Buffer
Legitimacy
Agentic state
Gradual commitment

46
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Describe the three buffer conditions

A

Mr Wallace in the same room: 40%
Cannot see or hear Mr Wallace: 100%
Touch proximity condition: 30%

47
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENC: obedience

Describe the legitimacy conditions

A

Rundown office building: 48%

Removal of legitimate presence: 21%

48
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

What did Milgram say?

A

“Some people are more likely to be obedient than others”

49
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

Who investigated the Authoritarian personality?

A

Adorno et al

50
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

Define the authoritarian personality

A

A dispositional factor that may encourage excessive obedience

51
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

Who did Adorno conduct research on?

A

2000 students

52
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

Describe the use of the F scale

A

A variety of scales were used, but the F scale measures authoritarian trends in personality. Someone with this kind of personality would be susceptible to fascist propaganda

53
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

What were Adorno’s results?

A

Those who score highly are more likely to be obedient towards authority figures

54
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

Give three qualities of a person with high AP

A
  • Rigid and inflexible
  • Unwilling to introspect on their own feelings
  • Hostility towards people they deem to be lower status
55
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

How can this personality develop?

A
  • Growing up in a family with rigid and set values

- Low levels of education

56
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

Give one positive of this theory

A

Elms and Milgram 1966: used 20 obedient pps from Milgram’s study and 20 defiant ones, all completed the F scale, found higher levels of authoritarianism in the more obedient group, this suggests those with AP are more likely to obey

57
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

Give two negatives of this theory

A
  • Questionnaire: a self reporting technique, pps may not be truthful, lacks validity
  • Can’t explain the commonness of obedience: not all nazis would’ve had an AP, the personality type would have to be very common in order to explain
58
Q

RESISTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Describe social support and resisting conformity

A
  • Asch found that presence of social support enables an individual to resist conformity pressure from the majority
  • Study variation: an ally conformity levels dropped from 33% to 5%
  • Social support breaks the unanimous position of the majority
59
Q

RESISTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE

What does the presence of an ally provide for an individual?

A

An independent assessment of reality that makes them feel more confident to stand up to a majority

60
Q

RESISTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Describe social support and resisting obedience

A
  • Research has shown that individuals are generally more confident in their ability to resist the temptation to obey if they find an ally who is willing to join them in opposition
  • Disobedient peers therefore can act as role models
  • Milgram’s variation: 3 learners, two as disobedient confederates, only 10% went all the way
61
Q

RESISTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Define locus of control

A

Refers to a person’s perception of their own behaviour. It is measured along a dimension of “high internal” and “high external”

62
Q

RESISTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE

What do people with an internal locus of control believe?

A

What happens to them is largely a consequence of their own actions and ability. They are more likely to display independence in thought and behaviour and resist social influence.

63
Q

RESISTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE

What do people with external locusts of control believe?

A

What happens to them is determined by external factors, such as the influence of other people and luck. They are more likely to subdue to the influence of others.

64
Q

RESISTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Describe the three impacts of internality and resistance to social influence

A
  1. high internals actively seek information useful to them, so less likely to rely on the opinions of others.
  2. High internals are more likely to become leaders rather than follow others.
  3. High internals are also better at resisting coercion from others
65
Q

RESISTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Give two positives of this theory

A
  • RWA: the Rosenstrasse protest 1943, a group of German women married to Jewish men protested the gestapo when they took their husbands away. Threatened to be shot, but presence of disobedient peers encouraged them to stay.
  • Research support: locus of control, positive correlation between internal and external rates of conformity
66
Q

RESISTING SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Give one negative of this theory

A

There was no correlation between locus of control and informational influence

67
Q

SOCIAL CHANGE

What are the three important traits of minority influence?

A

Consistency, commitment and flexibility

68
Q 
SOCIAL CHANGE
#1
A

Social change starts with a minority: for example Greta Thunberg

69
Q 
SOCIAL CHANGE
#2
A

Minorities must have a certain behavioural style: moscivici

70
Q 
SOCIAL CHANGE
#3
A

Minority need a particular attitude: locus of control, internals

71
Q 
SOCIAL CHANGE
#4
A

Eventually somebody will listen: somebody will accept the viewpoint, internalisation, minority has managed to bring about a form of informational influence

72
Q 
SOCIAL CHANGE
#5
A

The snowball effect: moscivici

73
Q 
SOCIAL CHANGE
#6
A

Zeitgeist: becomes part of a collective conscience, majority

74
Q 
SOCIAL CHANGE
#7
A

Social cryptoamnesia: forgot that our perception of the world started from a minority viewpoint

Psychology (11 decks)

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