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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Why must psychologist be careful when defining behaviour as abnormal?

A

It implies something undesirable and needing change

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2
Q

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Name the four definitions

A

Deviation from social norms, statistical infrequency, failure to function, deviation from ideal mental health

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3
Q

DEFINTIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Define a social norm

A

A social norm is a generally accepted way of behaving in certain situations

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4
Q

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Give an example of a social norm

A

Wearing black to a funeral

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5
Q

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Name one positive of deviation from social norms as a definition of abnormality

A

When a person deviates from a social norm it can highlight how something is awry and act as a warning flag.

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6
Q

DEFINTIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Give two criticisms of deviating from social norms as a definition of abnormality

A

Cultural relativism; context as social norms can change over time, for example homosexuality

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7
Q

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Define statistical infrequency

A

Rare behaviour can be classed as abnormal

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8
Q

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

What are the two negatives of statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality?

A

Cultural relativism; there is an implication that rare behaviour is undesirable, this is not always the case

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9
Q

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Which two psychologists investigated failure to function?

A

Rosenhan and Seligman

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10
Q

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Which characteristics did Rosenhan and Seligman put forward for failing to function?

A
  • Visible suffering
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Vividness and unconventionality
  • Loss of control
  • Irrationality
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11
Q

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Give the two negatives of failure to function

A

Cultural relativism for example a school in Korea; sometimes showing these signs is normal, for example grief

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12
Q

DEFINTIONS OF ABNORMALITY

List Marie Jahoda’s criteria for deviation from ideal mental health

A
  • Autonomy
  • Self actualisation
  • Mastering environment
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13
Q

DEFINITONS OF ABNORMALITY

Give the two negatives of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Cultural relativism; the harsh and strict criteria means many wouldn’t fit all of the criteria, contradicts being a definition of abnormality

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14
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

How many people have mental illness?

A

1/4

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15
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

What is the emotional characteristic of OCD?

A

Anxiety

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16
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

What is the cognitive feature of OCD?

A

Intrusive thoughts

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17
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

What is the behaviour of OCD?

A

Compulsions - can be overt or covert

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18
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

According to mind how many people suffer from extreme phobias?

A

2.6% of the population

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19
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

What is the emotional characteristic of a phobia?

A

Fear and anxiety

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20
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

What is the cognitive characteristic of phobias?

A

Awfulizing

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21
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

What is the behaviour of a phobia?

A

Avoidance which causes negative reinforcement

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22
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

What is the emotional characteristic of depression?

A

Sadness

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23
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

What is the cognitive characteristic for depression?

A

Awfulizing

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24
Q

MENTAL DISORDERS

What is the behavioural characteristic of depression?

A

Withdrawal from social situations

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25
Q

BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OCD

What is they key assumption?

A

OCD comes from a physical origin

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26
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

If there is an OCD gene, this suggests that…

A

People can inherit OCD from their parents

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27
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

What does the SERT gene produce?

A

Serotonin

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28
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

More often than not, if a SERT gene is malfunctioning people are more likely to…

A

Have OCD

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29
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

What does the COMPT gene produce?

A

Dopamine

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30
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

Is the COMPT gene common in those with OCD?

A

Yes

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31
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

Who conducted the family study?

A

Nesdadt

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32
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

What did Nesdat’s study show?

A

If one close relation has OCD then the individual is 5x more likely to inherit

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32
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

What did Nesdat’s study show?

A

If one close relation has OCD then the individual is 5x more likely to inherit

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33
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

Who conducted the Mz twin study?

A

Billet

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34
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

What did Billet’s findings show?

A

If one twin has OCD, the other is 2x as likely to get it

35
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

In terms of neural explanations, what did animal studies show?

A

High doses of drugs high in dopamine cause behaviours which resemble OCD compulsions

36
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

In terms of neural explanations, what do antidepressants help increase?

A

Levels of serotonin.. reduces OCD symptoms

37
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

Describe two positives of this explanation…

A
  • RWA in terms of treatments, OCD antidepressants

- Takes blame away from the patient

38
Q

BIO EXP FOR OCD

Describe one negative of this explanation

A

Concordance rates. Gottesmas found it to be 87%, room for other explanations

39
Q

COG EXP FOR DEP

What is the key assumption?

A

Maladaptive thinking

40
Q

COG EXP FOR DEP

Denote Ellis’ ABC model

A 
A = activating event
B = belief
C = consequence
41
Q

COG EXP FOR DEP

Give an example of Ellis’ ABC model

A

Failing a driving test so feeling low and then giving up

42
Q

COG EXP FOR DEPRESSION

What is mustabatory thinking?

A

Thinking irrational things must occur in order to be happy

43
Q

COG EXP FOR DEP

What are the three parts of mustabatory thinking

A
  1. constant approval from those around you
  2. success and an unrealistic sense of ability
  3. fatalistic views
44
Q

COG EXP FOR DEP

What is Beck’s negative triad?

A

Negative views about oneself… negative views about the future… negative views of the world

45
Q

COG EXP FOR DEP

Give one positive of this explanation

A

RWA - CBT therapy, specifically REBT

45
Q

COG EXP FOR DEP

Give one positive of this explanation

A

RWA - CBT therapy, specifically REBT

46
Q

COG EXP FOR DEP

Give two weaknesses of this explanation

A
  • Blames the patient

- Alternative explanations, eg biological such as low serotonin levels

47
Q

BEH AND PHOBIAS

What is the main assumption?

A

We acquire behaviours through experience so phobias are learnt

48
Q

BEH AND PHOBIAS

How does Mowrer explain phobias?

A

With a two process model

49
Q

BEH AND PHOBIAS

(Two process model) Classical is…

A

the initiation/acquisition, a maladaptive association

50
Q

BEH AND PHOBIAS

(Two process model) operant is…

A

the maintenance, negative reinforcement

51
Q

BEH AND PHOBIAS

What does the social learning theory suggest?

A

Phobias can be imitated from role models

52
Q

BEH AND PHOBIAS

Give two positives of this explanation

A

Empirical evidence, it holds scientific credibility

RWA in the form of systematic desensitisation

53
Q

BEH AND PHOBIAS

Give one negative of this explanation

A

Why do some people develop this maladaptive behaviour? Implies that some people may have a predisposition - biological approach

54
Q 
BIO TREATMENT
(Drug therapy) Name the three types of drug which may be used
A

SSRI’s, tricyclics or BZs

55
Q

BIO TREATMENT

What do SSRI’s do?

A

Increases levels of serotonin

56
Q

BIO TREATMENTS

What is the role of serotonin?

A

Regulates mood and anxiety

57
Q

BIO TREATMENTS

Give an example of an SSRI

A

Prozac

58
Q

BIO TREATMENTS

Why are tricyclics special?

A

They were the first drugs developed solely for treating OCD

59
Q

BIO treatments

What do tricyclics do?

A

They block the transporter mechanism which reabsorbs serotonin, as a result meaning more of this neurotransmitter is left in the synapse

60
Q

BIO treatments

What is the effect of having more serotonin in the synapse?

A

Their activity is prolonged

61
Q

BIO TREATMENTS

Give one example of a tricyclic drug

A

Clomipramine

62
Q

BIO TREATMENTS

Why are BZs commonly used to treat anxiety?

A

Because they slow down the CNS

63
Q

BIO TREATMENTS

Give one positive of the biological treatment for OCD

A

Effectiveness, Soomo et al in 2008 reviewed 17 studies and found SSRI’s to be more effective than placebos in reducing OCD symptoms three months after treatment

64
Q

BIO TREATMENTS

Give two negatives of the biological treatments for OCD

A
  • Problems aren’t solved long term, tackles symptoms not the cause
  • The use of drugs may produce side effects
65
Q

COG TREATMENTS

Describe changing irrational thoughts (Ellis)

A

ABCDEF model
D = disputing
E = effectiveness
F = feelings

66
Q

COG TREATMENTS

Who developed REBT?

A

Ellis

67
Q

COG TREATMENTS

What is the purpose of REBT?

A

Challenging depressive ways of thinking

68
Q

COG TREATMENTS

Name the three ways in which challenging depressive ways of thinking can take place

A

Logically, empirically or pragmatically

69
Q

COG TREATMENTS

Define the logical disputing method

A

Trying to make the patient recognise how their thinking is irrational

70
Q

COG TREATMENTS

Define the empirical way of disputing depression

A

Highlighting to the patient the lack of reality in the situation

71
Q

COG TREATMENTS

Define the pragmatic way of disputing depression

A

Showing the patient how their thinking has no practical value

72
Q

COG TREATMENTS

What are the three other features of CBT..?

A

Homework, behavioural activation, unconditional positive regard

73
Q

COG TREATMENTS

Give two positives of the cognitive approach to treating depression

A
  • Ellis found treatment to be 90% effective based on 27 studies
  • The effects are longer lasting than drugs, thought disputing techniques not just taking pills
74
Q

COG TREATMENTS

Give one negative of the cognitive approach to treating depression

A

Individual differences, it doesn’t work for everybody

75
Q

BEH TREATMENTS

What does systematic exposure involve?

A

A series of gradual exposures

76
Q

BEH TREATMENTS

What are the three stages of systematic desensitisation?

A
  • Stage one = counter conditioning
  • Stage two = relaxation
  • Stage three = fear hierarchy
77
Q

BEH TREATMENTS

What is counter conditioning?

A

The patient is taught to unlearn the behaviour and acquire a different stimulation to a stimuli

78
Q

BEH TREATMENTS

What is relaxation?

A

Where the patient is taught relaxation techniques by the therapist

79
Q

BEH TREATMENTS

What is fear hierarchy?

A

The patient and therapist work together to create a success criteria with increasing levels of the feared stimuli

80
Q

BEH TREATMENTS

Why is flooding different to systematic desensitisation?

A

It skips the gradual exposures

81
Q

BEH TREATMENTS

What percentage of people report that after systematic desensitisation their fear of stimuli is elliviated?

A

75%

82
Q

BEH TREATMENTS

Give two positives of the behavioural approach to treating depression

A
  • RWA (75% stat)

- The patient has control over the therapy

83
Q

BEH TREATMENTS

Give one negative of the behavioural approach to treating depression?

A

Ohman found that it is not neccesarily and effective treatment for all phobias. Evolution makes it harder to deal with phobias that would’ve prehistorically been considered a threat

Psychology (11 decks)

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