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Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What is the key assumption?

A

Instinctive, hardwired, darwin survival of the fittest, sexual selection for reproduction

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2
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Define intrasexual

A

Short term dating preferences

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3
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Physical traits men have had to evolve to be bigger and more distinct in their characteristics than women

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4
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What do men compete for?

A

The ‘choosy’ female, anisogamy limited reproductive possibility compared to men, biological clock

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5
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What does menopause mean?

A

There is a certain gap available for women to conceive and carry a baby. Women have one egg released a month and have to be choosy bc face more consequences

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6
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What did Buss and Schmitt find?

A

Universal trends for short term dting in men and women.

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7
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What were B and S traits for men?

A

Less time spent with a woman, the more he can mate with, seek sex earlier in a relationship and lose interest afterwards

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8
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What did Clark and Hatfield do?

A

Ask students if they would sleep with a random person? Women 0%, men 75%. Men hardwired in comparison to women

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9
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Define intersexuality

A

Long term sexual relationships

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10
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What did Buss look at?

A

37 cultures across the globe, 10-000 pps

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11
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What is fecundity?

A

What unites men and women with what they find attractive

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12
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Men to women

A

The ability to produce instinctively drawn to physical traits for women (signs of fertility)

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13
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Women to men

A

Mens ability to care for children

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14
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Why do women prefer older men?

A

Because more experience, which can make them more likely to provide resources and look after women plus offspring

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15
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Why do women care about what a man looks like?

A

Not for attraction but for idea/ good looking offspring

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16
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What physical traits do women look for?

A

Strength, symmetry (good genes), good looking, intelligent, healthy

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17
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Give two positives for women

A

+ Research - sexy sons hypothesis
+ Sperm donor evidence - Scheib 1994 studies women seeking sperm donor, look for same qualities as evolutionairy theory

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18
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What are characteristics men find attractive?

A

Big eyes, petite nose, hair colour, lips, clear skin, hourglass figure

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19
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What hypothesis did Cunningham propose?

A

The babyface hypothesis

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20
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What do men naturally look for?

A

Youthful features bc of fertility, hourglass figure women have when they’re young and disappears during menopause

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21
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What is Singh’s positive?

A

Hips 0.7 wider than waist deemed universally attractive

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22
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
A03 face validity

A

‘Sugar daddies’, cliches within society, ‘first wives club’

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23
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
A03 reductionism

A

Reduce attraction to one factor, fecundity cannot explain all factors. For example the ‘graduation effect’ where med attracted to older women who can’t reproduce

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24
Q

EVOLUTIONAIRY EXPLANATIONS FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Why is this theory reductionist?

A

Heteronormative, the graduate effect (Dame Joan Collins)

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25
Q

EVOLUTIONAIRY EXPLANATIONS FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What are the methodology issues?

A

Lack of scientific methodology: making large speculations about early mankind, cannot scientifically validate, non falsifiable

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26
Q

EVOLUTIONAIRY EXPLANATIONS FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Why is this theory deterministic?

A

Justifies promiscuity in men, could it legitimise rape and harassment?

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27
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
Which psychologist did the halo effect?

A

Dion et al

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28
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
What is the halo effect?

A

Associative principles: “what is beautiful is good”, we associate physically attractive people with having more positive attributes

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29
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
What can the halo effect be described as?

A

A self fulfilling prophecy

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30
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
Give research support of the halo effect

A

Palmer and Peterson found physically attractive people were rated as more politically knowledgeable than unattractive people

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31
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
Who did the matching hypothesis?

A

Murstein

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32
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
What is the matching hypothesis?

A

People tend to form relationships w others who are equivalent to their own physical attractiveness

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33
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
What may people who don’t match on a physical level trade?

A

Other attributes such as wealth or status

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34
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
What is Walster’s computer dance study?

A

Assess own value then choose someone in same league

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35
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
What did Walster get pps to do?

A

Meet before a dance, spend time chatting. Pps then danced with a partner ranked in same league

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36
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
Describe murstein and photos

A

Showed photos of engaged couples, tendency for them to be given same levels of attractiveness

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37
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION
Give three negatives of this theory

A

Culture bias, determinism, temporal validity

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38
Q

THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
Who came up with filter theory?

A

Kerchhoff and Davis

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39
Q

THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
How many filters are there and what do they lead to?

A

3, field of availables to field of desirables

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40
Q

THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
Filter one

A

Demographic variables: geography, age, class

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41
Q

THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
Filter two

A

Similarity in attitudes: compatibility eg politics or future plans

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42
Q

THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
Filter three

A

Complementary mental needs: strengths in one person may counteract the other

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43
Q

THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
Give one positive

A

Kerchoff and Davis: 94 US couples given a range of questions which supported model

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44
Q

THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
Give three negatives

A

Temporal validity, cultural validity, alt explanations

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45
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
Who came up with this theory?

A

Jourard

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46
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
What is self disclosure?

A

When a person reveals intimate details about themselves

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47
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
Describe early days

A

We love to learn as much as we can from our partners: likes, interests, hopes, attitudes

48
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
Why is sd an important process?

A

Builds trust and intimacy, helps course of relationships run smoother

49
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
Describe Derlega et als research

A

Don’t disclose too much too early, boom or bust philosophy. Don’t be too impersonal listener doesn’t care

50
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
What does research show?

A

Those who disclose to a high extent are more liked than those who don’t. Tend to disclose more to pp you like

51
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
Describe Atman and Taylor’s research

A

2 elements of self disclosure, breadth and depth, as both increase partners become more committed

52
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
As relationships start what info is shared?

A

Low risk info, social penetration theory.

53
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
What is social penetration theory?

A

As relationships develop self disclosure deeper

54
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
Tal-Or et al research

A

Reality TV shows, Intimate disclosure of contestants early on make them more likeable

55
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
Research support positive

A

Laurenca used daily diary entries with couples, self disclosure and perception of self disclosure linked to higher levels of intimacy in long term married couples

56
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
One positive

A

RWA: couples therapy

57
Q

SELF DISCLOSURE
One negative

A

Culture bias

58
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
What is SET part of?

A

Relationship maintenence

59
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
What type of theory is this?

A

An economic theory

60
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
Who did this theory?

A

Thibaut & Kelley

61
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
What view does this theory take?

A

Social relationships run in a similar way to businesses, negotiating for best deal

62
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
What principle is this based on?

A

Operant conditioning: form and maintain relationships bc they are rewarding

63
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
Give three reward examples

A

Comfort, sex, love + affection

64
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
What is assumed we all do?

A

Maximise our profits bc relationships can be costly

65
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
Give three ways relationships can be costly?

A

Time consuming, hardwork

66
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
What is the comparison level?

A

Developing a standard by comparing relationships, based on past relationships and what we expect to give/recieve

67
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
What happens if we judge the potential profit of a new relationship to exceed that of an existing one?

A

Become dissatisfied

68
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
What do we make?

A

A comparison level for alternatives where we weigh up potential increases in rewards from a new partner, minus any costs involved in ending current relationship (CLalt)

69
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
Give the research support

A

Kurdek and Schmitt: questionnaire, greater satisfaction came w positive perception of relationships. Alternatives viewed less attractively

70
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
Give two positves

A

RWA: couples counselling
RWA: gaslighting oneself, attractive but…

71
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
Give two negatives

A

Determinism
Culture bias

72
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
Main psychologist?

A

Rusbutt

73
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
What is the investment model about?

A

Factors influencing time and emotional investment in a relationship

74
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
What factors influence time and emotional investment in a relationship?

A

Satisfaction, Alternatives, Investments

75
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
What do satisfaction, alternatives and investments make up, and what does this lead to?

A

Make up commitment levels, leading to whether a person stays or leaves

76
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
Describe satisfaction levels

A

Positive vs negative emotions experienced

77
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
Describe investment size

A

Contributes to stability, increases dependency so more commitment

78
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
Describe quality of alternatives

A

Potential other partners

79
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
Define intrinsic

A

Motivation from within, eg happiness or sex

80
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
Define extrinsic

A

External motivation, children or financial stability

81
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
Le and Agnew supporting research

A

Meta analysis of 52 studies, 11-000 pps. Satisfaction, comp w alternatives and investment contributed to commitment, a key feature of long lasting relationships

82
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
Give a positive

A

RWA: can explain why pp stay in abusive relationships, may feel investment will be lost even if costs are high

83
Q

THE INVESTMENT MODEL
Give two negatives

A

Methodology issues: most research is correlations, limits predictive validity therefore scientific rigour
Questionnaires: self report technique and subjective scales

84
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
What should you mention at the beginning?

A

Social exchange theory and/or equity

85
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
Who proposed the model of breakdown?

A

Rollie and Duck

86
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
What is stage one?

A

Breakdown: “I can’t stand this”

87
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
What is stage two?

A

Intrapsychic: brooding on faults

88
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
What is stage three?

A

Dyadic: discussion

89
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
What is stage four?

A

Social: seeking support

90
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
What is stage five?

A

Grave dressing: stories prepared, a way of tying up memories

91
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
When are relationships still salvageable?

A

Stages one to three

92
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
What did Tashino et al say?

A

Lots of benefits to the Grave Dressing Stage, psychological closure

93
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
What did Duck realise?

A

There was a flaw in og model, we can learn from every exp we go through

94
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
Stage six was then added, what was it?

A

Resurrection: changing and moving on

95
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
Give Tashira’s research support

A

92 undergrads, all reported had grown/learned via a previous relationship.

96
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
Give one positive

A

RWA: Counselling

97
Q

WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN?
Give three negatives

A
  • Ethics
  • Gender bias: assumes men and women the same
  • Culture bias
98
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
What is a parasocial relationship?

A

One sided, unreciprocal. Role of social media increases the prevelance and intensity

99
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
What are the two parts of parasocial?

A

Absorption addiction model, attachment types

100
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Who did absorbtion addiction and what did they say?

A

McCucheon, most pp never go beyond admiring but psr occur if there is something lacking

101
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
What is stage one of ABAD?

A

Entertainment social: admire celebs, may eep up w news to be more sociable w peers, “water cooler moments”

102
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
What is stage two of ABAD?

A

Intense personal: intense/obsessive feelings can become addictive, compulsive

103
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
What is stage three of ABAD?

A

Borderline pathological, uncontrollable beh and fantasies, total obsessions

104
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
How does Eysneck’s personality q support the ABAD?

A

Correlation, ES linked to extraversion, IP linked to neuroticism, introverts more likely to be BP

105
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
What is Jenkin’s positive of the ABAD?

A

Practice relationships, what you want from somebody else

106
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Who did the attachment types part?

A

McCaan, PSR tent to originate in insecure attachments, most likely insecure resistant. Make no demands unlike real relationships, no risk of rejection

107
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
How did Keinlen support the attachment types?

A

63% of stalkers seperation from an attachment figure

108
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
How did cole et al support the attachment types?

A

Insecurely attachmed far more prone to PR w TV personalities

109
Q

PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Give two negatives

A
  • Hereditary: rooted in genes, hunters, rather than celeb culture
  • Methodology: self report, correlation
110
Q

VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
What should you mention briefly in a 16 marker?

A

Self disclosure

111
Q

VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Online, what happens in terms of self disclosure?

A

We use different levels, public vs private. Public more self edited and less intimate

112
Q

VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
What did Rubin’s anonymity strangers on the train study show?

A

More likely to open up online bc there are fewer repercussions. Confidentiality, social circle not known. Don’t have to self edit or fear rejection

113
Q

VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
What is gating?

A

Ftf relationships, barriers to formation “ick”

114
Q

VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Is gating absent on cmc?

A

Yes, means relationship can develop to point self disclosure becomes deeper and more frequent

115
Q

VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Give two examples of gating

A

Shyness, speech imped

116
Q

VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Give two positives

A

:) 70% of the online relationships last longer than 2 years
:) RWA: 38% of all US single pp have tried dating this way, higher levels of disclosure

117
Q

VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Give two negatives

A

:( Catfishing
:( Methodology: self report technique

Psychology (11 decks)

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