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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

INTROSPECTION

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

A German psychologist, known as the “father of psychology”

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2
Q

INTROSPECTION

What did Wundt open in 1879?

A

The first ever psychology lab

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3
Q

INTROSPECTION

What was Wundt the first psychologist to do?

A

Study psychology using investigations and a scientific method

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4
Q

INTROSPECTION

Define introspection

A

Introspection derives from the Latin meaning “looking into” and is about investigating internal events by examining conscious thoughts and feelings

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5
Q

INTROSPECTION

What did Wundt believe about introspection?

A

It allowed people to gain knowledge about their own mental and emotional state.

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6
Q

INTROSPECTION

What did introspection allow Wundt to do?

A

Compare different pp responses to the same stimuli and resultantly form general theories about perception and other mental processes

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7
Q

INTROSPECTION

Give one positive of this theory

A

It follows scientific procedures

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8
Q

INTROSPECTION

Give two negatives of this theory

A
  • Wundt’s approach relied on “non observable” responses meaning it isn’t particularly reliable
  • Nisbett and Wilson claim that we have little knowledge underlying our own procedures, decreases the validity
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9
Q

IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE

What are the three key features of a science?

A
  • Observations
  • Experiments
  • Systematic methodology
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10
Q

IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE

What are the two key assumptions of psychology as a science?

A
  1. Every behaviour had a cause

2. Behaviour can be predictable

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11
Q

IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE

Positives of psychology as a science

A

Can establish cause of behaviour, scientific methodology involved

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12
Q

IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE

Negatives of psychology as a science

A

Much of subject matter is non-observable, psychology doesn’t tell us how people act in natural situations

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13
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

What does the behaviourist approach assume?

A

We are all born as blank slates and all behaviour is learnt from environment. Humans can be conditioned to behave a certain way.

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14
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Define classical conditioning

A

Learning through association: paining two stimuli together to create a response

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15
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe Pavlov’s dog study

A

Pavlov was conducting an experiment on the digestive system of dogs, when he realised their responses to food subtly changed over time. At first, he observed the dogs only salivated when food was placed directly in front of them, but they began to salivate to the sound of a bell directly before the food arrived.

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16
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

What did Pavlov’s dog study show?

A

Conditioned stimuli can lead to a conditioned response

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17
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe the stimuli box thing

A

Unconditioned stimuli - unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimuli + neutral stimulus - unconditioned response
Conditioned stimuli - conditioned response

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18
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Define operant conditoning

A

Learning through reinforcement

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19
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe Skinner’s box

A

Rats in a box, one lever which releases food (PR). The rats pulled the lever frequently to get more rewards.

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20
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Define reinforcement

A

A consequence which strengthens behaviour and increased the likelihood of said behaviour happening again

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21
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe positive reinforcement

A

Producing a consequence that is rewarding or pleasant

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22
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe negative reinforcement

A

Removing something that is unpleasant in order to make the desired behaviour occur

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23
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe punishment

A

When a behaviour is followed by an undesirable consequence. decreasing the likelihood of it occurring again

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24
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Define the schedules of reinforcement

A

Continuous reinforcement or partial reinforcement. Partial reinforcement is more effective.

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25
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Give two positives of the behaviourist approach

A
  • Classical conditioning: RWA in the form of slogans which we associate with a product
  • Operant conditioning: uses experimental methods, controlled conditions to establish a cause and effect
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26
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Give one negative of this approach

A

Experiments on animals: unethical, and cannot generalise the findings onto humans who have more complex cognitive processes

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27
Q

SLT

What is the main assumption of the Social Learning Theory?

A

Learning through observations

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28
Q

SLT

Who conducted the bobo doll study?

A

Albert Bandura

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29
Q

SLT

Describe the bobo doll study

A 
72 children split into three groups
Group 1: adult was violent towards doll
Group 2: adult wasn't violent
Group 3: no adult or bobo doll
In every situation the children modelled the adults behaviour
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30
Q

SLT

Describe the process of learning through observation

A

Modelling: a role model does behaviour which people learn and copy from
Imitation: copying the behaviour of a role model
Identification: being similar to the model
Vicarious reinforcement: when behaviour is more likely to be modelled if you see someone else being rewarded for displaying the same behaviour

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31
Q

SLT

What did Bandura argue about mediational processes?

A

That they are essential in learning and for the behaviour to be imitated

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32
Q

SLT

Describe the four mediational processes

A

Attention being payed towards the person being observed
Retention, remembering what we have seen until it is needed
Reproduction, being able to act out what we see
Motivation to copy what we see

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33
Q

COGNITIVE APPROACH

What are the main assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A

Focuses on informational processing, how info received from the senses is processed by brain and then directs how we behave. Internal mental processes to understand behaviour.

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34
Q

COGNITIVE APPROACH

Give three things cognition is important for

A

Language, memory, thinking

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35
Q

COGNITIVE APPROACH

How must the cognitive approach be studied?

A

Through behaviour because it cannot be directly studied

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36
Q

COGNITIVE APPROACH

Describe schemas

A

Cognitive frameworks, organises and interprets information in the brain, based on experiences, provide shortcuts and fill in the gaps

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37
Q

COGNITIVE APPROACH

Describe the computer analogy

A
  • Input processes: environment
  • Information manipulation: processing through schemas
  • Information storage: adding or changing a schema
  • Output processing: a behavioural response
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38
Q

COGNITIVE APPROACH

Describe cognitive neuroscience

A

Studying the living brain through scans, MRI/PET, allows us to observe and describe neurological basis of mental processes

39
Q

COGNITIVE APPROACH

Give one positive of the cognitive approach

A

RWA: CBT

40
Q

COGNITIVE APPROACH

Give two negatives of the cognitive approach

A
  • Lacks ecological validity: tested in controlled conditions

- Human beings are more complex than computers

41
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Describe a gene

A

A gene is a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring

42
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Describe heredity

A

The passing of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another

43
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Describe a genotype

A

The genetic constitution of an individual organism, for example eye colour

44
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Describe a phenotype

A

The set of observable characteristics of an individual, for example the interaction of a genotype with the environment

45
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Describe the genetic basis of behaviour

A

How an organisms genetic composition influences it’s behaviour

46
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Describe the role of neurotransmitter dopamine

A

Plays a part in controlling the movements of a person makes, aswell as their emotional responses. Exitatory neurotransmitter, stimulates messages

47
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Describe the role of neurotransmitter serotonin

A

The key hormone that stabilises our mood, feelings of well-being and happiness. Inhibitory neurotransmitter, stops receiving neurone from getting electrical impulses.

48
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Define a hormone

A

Chemicals produced by the endocrine glands, secreted directly into bloodstream and travel to target cells

49
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Describe the influence of hormones on behaviour

A

Hormones change gene expression or function, and effect behaviour by increasing the likelihood that specific behaviours occur in the presence of precise stimuli

50
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

Speech, thought and learning

51
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

What is the role of the temporal lobes?

A

Hearing, learning and memory

52
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

What is the role of the brain stem?

A

To regulate essential functions

53
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Movement

54
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

What is the role of the occipital lobes?

A

To process visual information

55
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

What are the roles of the parietal lobes?

A

To process sensory information

56
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Describe the case of Phineas Gage

A
  • Working on a railroad
  • Pole through the head and severed to his optic nerve
  • Miraculously survived, but personality changed
  • Demonstrates how biological structures can influence behaviour
57
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Give two positives of this theory

A
  • RWA: development of neurotransmitter drugs such as anti-depressants which alter behaviour
  • Scientific method: controlled environments, brain imaging which is an objective measure
58
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Give one negative of this theory

A

Dangers of genetic explanations: if behaviour comes from genes and not external conditions, then how can we blame or punish behaviour?

59
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

What does Freud believe we are driven by?

A

Unconscious parts of the mind

60
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Define the conscious mind

A

The part we are aware of

61
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Describe the subconscious mind

A

Can be accessed through dreams and slips of the tounge

62
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Describe the unconscious mind

A

Inaccessible to conscious thoughts and controls most of our behaviour

63
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Define a defence mechanism

A

If an individual is faced with a situation they aren’t able to deal with rationally their defence mechanisms may be triggered

64
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Define denial

A

Rejecting a thought or feeling, refusing to accept some part of reality

65
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Define displacement

A

Transferring feelings from true cause of distressing emotion onto a substitute target

66
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Define repression

A

Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

67
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

What do the Id, ego and superego make up?

A

The tripartite model of mind that makes up our personality

68
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Define the id

A

The pleasure principle, controls the unconscious drives and instincts

69
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Define the ego

A

The reality principle, mediator between other 2 parts, role is to reduce conflict

70
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Define the superego

A

Moral compass, our internalised sense of right and wrong, causes feelings of guilt

71
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent state, genital stage

72
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Describe the oral stage

A
  • 0 to 1
  • Focus on the mouth
  • Weaning means successful completion
  • Consequences can include smoking
73
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Describe the anal stage

A
  • 1 to 3
  • Defilation, completion means being potty trained
  • Failure to complete can cause messiness or “anal” behaviour
74
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Describe the phallic stage

A
  • 3 to 5
  • Focuses on the genitilia
  • Electra complex: penis envy
  • Oedipus complex: boy wants mum
  • Therefore copy same sex parent
  • Can cause homosexuality
75
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Describe the latent stage

A
  • 6 to puberty
  • Sexual urges to sport
  • Same sex friendships
76
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Describe the genital stage

A
  • Puberty to adulthood
  • Focus on genitals but not as extreme as phallic stage
  • Allows us to develop healthy relationships
77
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

What is psychoanalysis?

A

A type of therapy created by Freud, point of the therapy is to access the unconscious

78
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

What are the four parts of psychoanalysis?

A

Dream analysis, free association, slips of the tounge, hypnosis

79
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Give two negatives of this theory

A
  • Non falsifiable

- Looking at the unconscious can be problematic: interpretable and non observable

80
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Give one positive of this approach

A

Highlights how listening to patients can be beneficial, and some face validity

81
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Describe the origins and history of the humanistic approach

A

Developed in 1950s America, concerned with human experiences, and focuses on the whole person rather than individual elements

82
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

What are the five parts of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A 
Physiological (breathing, food)
Safety (security of body and employment)
Love/Belonging (friends and family)
Esteem (self esteem and confidence)
Self-actualization (morality, lack of prejudice)
83
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

What does the hierarchy of needs emphasize?

A

The importance of personal growth to become satisfied, fulfilled and goal orientated.

84
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

What does Carl Rodgers say?

A

“Everyone has two basic needs”: unconditional positive regard and self worth

85
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Define unconditional positive regard

A

Unconditional support regardless of what a person says or does

86
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Describe conditions of worth

A

Conditional positive regard: must follow a certain behaviour to gain regard

87
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Describe self worth

A

Recognising our own abilities and difficulties

88
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

What does Rodger believe about how we think of ourselves?

A

He believes it determines our psychological health

89
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Describe congruence

A

Similarity between a person’s ideal self and how they perceive themselves indicates congruency

90
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

What does greater congruence lead to?

A

Greater self worth

91
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Give two positives of this approach

A
  • Considers subjective experience

- Free will (unlike other approaches)

92
Q

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Give one negative of this approach

A

Vague, little empirical scientific research has been carried out

93
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

What two parts make up the peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system: involuntary

Somatic nervous system: voluntary

94
Q

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

What two parts make up the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight responses

Psychology (11 decks)

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