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Psychology > Issues and Debates > Flashcards

Issues and Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Define androcentrism

A

Taking male behaviour/thinking as normal, regarding female behaviour/thinking as deviant, inferior or abnormal when it is different

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2
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Give an example of androcentrism

A

Soloman Asch, male dominated view of social psychology. 123 men and 75% conformed. Projected this research onto women

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3
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What may androcentrism result in?

A

Alpha or beta bias

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4
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Define alpha bias

A

May exaggerate differences in men and women

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5
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Give an example of alpha bias

A

Sexual selection, women act on anisogamy whereas men all about reproduction. All men vs all women.
Freud and psychosexual development, ‘penis envy’, women defined by fact they aren’t men

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6
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Define beta bias

A

Exaggerating the similarities between men and women, often happens when findings applied to women without additional validation

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7
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Give an example of beta bias

A

Fight or flight reactions. Release of adrenaline created by looking at male responses to stress. An assumption that this is universal.

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8
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What does Taylor et al say?

A

Marked difference between men and women in stressful situations. Women tend and befriend, men more likely to become aggressive.

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9
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
How is research methodology subject to biased conclusions?

A

Rosenthal: male research and gender of participants. Change behaviour on gender of participants, chivalry of effect.

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10
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What have contemporary psychologists attempted to look at?

A

Ways to reduce gender bias, an attempt to develop more theories that emphasise importance/value of of women. Ie Cromwell, women better at multitasking

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11
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What do feminist psychologists accept?

A

Biological differences, but say the stereotypes these create is what’s harmful

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12
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What do feminist psychologists argue?

A

Should research to ascertain gender facts then if leads to image of inferiority so long as results used in positive way. For example, men found to have better leadership qualities, so Eagly leadership programmes for women

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13
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
How can feminist psychology backfire?

A
  • Parental leave has increased for men, so women who don’t take option may have it thrown back
  • Menopause, brain fog, equality
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14
Q

GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What is the conclusion?

A
  • Women & men might respond differently to different research situations
  • May be treated differently by research
  • Creation of artificial differences and mask real ones
  • Gender bias in research methods
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15
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Define culture bias

A

The tendency to judge all people and their behaviours in terms of your own cultural assumptions; a deep rooted issue in psychology

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16
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What do samples reflect?

A

The country of residence.
- 73% of authors from US universities
- 99% of research western countries
- 96% of psychology samples come from country with 12% of the population

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17
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What did Henrich propose about samples?

A

WEIRD

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18
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Define WEIRD

A

Western
Educated
Industrial
Rich
Democratic

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19
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Define ethnocentrism

A

Seeing things from a cultural pov but assuming this to be a superior perspective. It is when a cultures etic is imposed onto another, universal behaviour

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20
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
How does Ainsworth’s study emulate ethnocentrism?

A

Conducted in Baltimore US, Ainsworth says secure attachment the best, when mum is sensitive and attentive to childs needs. Measured by 4 behavioural categories. Imposes an etic of what a secure attachment is. US psychologist with a US sample. Leads to cultural discrepancy, deviation seen as inferior

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21
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
How do definitions of abnormality support ethnocentrism?

A

Jahoda deviation from ideal mental health. Self actualisation, extremely westernised concept. War torn, conflict, is self actualization really a relevant concept there?

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22
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What is another example of ethnocentrism?

A

IQ tests

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23
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Define cultural relativism

A

The idea all cultures are worthy of respect, needing to understand all cultures to understand the world, an emic

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24
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What did Margaret Mead look at in Papa New Gineau?

A

Looked at 3 tribes, most significantly the arapesh and Mundugumor tribes

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25
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What did Mead conclude about the Arapesh tribe?

A

No form of aggressive behaviour, an emic

26
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What did Mead conclude about the Mundugumor tribe?

A

Differs from opposed etic, women more aggressive and violent

27
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What are some issues with Mead’s study?

A

Similarities in behaviour are overlooked. Largely speaking human kind united in similarities

28
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What is the first way of tackling culture bias?

A

1: encourage indigenous psychology. Ie afrocentrism, differing heritage, appreciate culture differences. An emic approach

29
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What is the second way of tackling culture bias?

A

2: EMIC/ETIC distinction, can try and achieve a universal explanation whilst trying to avoid culture bias. Ie, Buss in his study of mate preference. Looked at 37 cultures, 3 different local researchers to tailer Buss’ questions to cultures. More relevance

30
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What is the third way of tackling culture bias?

A

Use samples from different cultural groups, non ‘WEIRD’ samples, more representation

31
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What is the pneumonic to tackling cultural bias?

A

CRRISSE

32
Q

CULTURE BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY
What does CRISSE stand for?

A

Cross cultural research
Representation
Reflexivity
Immersion
Sensitivity
Standards
Emic

33
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
Define reductionism

A

Breaking components into amore simple phenomena. Often seen as desirable bc offers a simpler level of explanation

34
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
What are the levels of reductionist explanation?

A

Begins at highest element and works down. Highest level: cultural and social exp, Middle level: psychological exp, Lower level: biological exp

35
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
Define biological reductionism

A

Reducing behaviour to the actions of neurons and hormones

36
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
Define environmental reductionism

A

Stimulus response links ie reducing complex attachment emotions to reinforcement/rewards

37
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
Define experimental reductionism

A

Reducing behaviour to isolated variables,easier to conduct research and determine casual relationships

38
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
Strengths of reductionism

A

More scientific, drug therapy

39
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
Negatives of reductionism

A

Ignores context, personal exp may be overlooked

40
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
Define holism

A

Perception of whole person rather than singular components. Psychopathology and forensics, lacks scientific data in empirical evidence

41
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
What is the interactionist approach?

A

Diathesis stress model in relation to depression and sz. Leads to a holistic treatment, combining drugs w therapy

42
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
What did Howes and Murray compare?

A

Family therapy to individual therapy. Also receiving drug therapy aswell

43
Q

REDUCTIONISM & HOLISM
What did Howes and Murray find?

A

Considerably lower relapse rates for those receiving family therapy. 11% relapse vs 50% for individual

44
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
How does determinism see behaviour?

A

As a product of forces beyond an individuals control. Argue internal and external forces control behaviour, therefore should be predictable

45
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Define hard determinism

A

Forces outside our control ie biology or past exp shape behaviour. ALL behaviour can be predictable, incompatible w free will

46
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Define soft determinism

A

Behaviour constrained by a certain extent by environment or biological makeup

47
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
What are the four types of determinism

A
  • Biological
    -Environmental
  • Psychic
  • Scientific
48
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Define biological determinism

A

Genes & inheritance, hard

49
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Define environmental determinism

A

External factors, ie family life. Soft

50
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Define psychic determinism

A

Freud, innate drives and early experience, soft, internal and external

51
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Define scientific determinism

A

Based on the idea every event has a cause. IV -DV, cause& effect.

52
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Give strengths of determinism

A

Scientific, isolates variables, society more accepting of these types of findings

53
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Weaknesses of determinism

A

Mechanist, implies all behaviour can be predicted, individual diffs, takes away from individual responsibility

54
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Define free will

A

Choosing certain behaviours, most pp feel they possess free will.Legal system structured on this premie. Implies behaviour unpredictable

55
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Give strengths of free will

A

Individual choice, societal values

56
Q

DETERMINISM VS FREE WILL
Give weaknesses of free will

A

Culturally relative ie collectivist, situational, unscientific

57
Q

IDIOGRAPHIC AND NOMATHETIC
Define idiographic

A

Studying individuals, unique insight into human behaviour. Qualitative methods of research.

58
Q

IDIOGRAPHIC AND NOMATHETIC
Give examples of idiographic studies

A

Little Hans, qualitiative research

59
Q

IDIOGRAPHIC AND NOMATHETIC
Define nomothetic studies

A

Seeks to formulate general laws of behaviour using groups of people. More scientific in approach and favours quantitative method

60
Q

IDIOGRAPHIC AND NOMATHETIC
Give examples of nomothetic studies

A

Biological approach, behaviourist approach. EPQ- a large amount of data to form general theories of personality

61
Q

IDIOGRAPHIC AND NOMATHETIC
Can the two approaches be combined?

A

False separation bc generalisations will be made. No such thing as a unique individual because idiographic approaches end up being nomothetic. Propose research should start nomothetic and end up idiographic. Ie, Freud uses ideographic measures then makes general laws

62
Q

IDIOGRAPHIC AND NOMATHETIC
Weaknesses of the idiographic approach?

A
  • Doesn’t produce general predictions abt behaviour
  • Too time consuming to make personal therapies for all individuals

Psychology (11 decks)

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