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Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of conformity and by who?

A

Compliance (public only)
Identification (public only)
Internalisation (public and private)

Kelman

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2
Q

Explanations of conformity

A

ISI - informational social influence (cognitive)

NSI - Normative social influence (afraid of rejection)

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3
Q

What was Zimbardo’s, 1973 study?

A

Stanford Prison Experiment

21 male volunteers, randomly guard or prisoner.

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4
Q

Aim of Zimbardo’s study?

A

To see if prisoners were brutal due to personalities or because of social role

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5
Q

Reason for uniform in Zimbardo’s study?

A

De-individualisation

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6
Q

Findings of Zimbardo’s study?

A
  • Prisoners rebelled within 2 days
  • Guards took up their roles enthusiastically
  • Prisoners were subdued, anxious and depressed
  • One was released after visible signs of psychological disturbance
  • One prisoner went on hunger strike, guards tried to force feed and punish him
  • Two were released on day 4
  • Ended on day 6 instead of day 14
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7
Q

Conclusions of Zimbardo’s study

A
  • Social roles have strong influence on behaviour

- Easy to conform to social roles

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8
Q

What is a situational variable?

A

Features of the immediate physical and social environment which may influence a person’s behaviour.

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9
Q

What was Milgram’s study?

A

40 volunteer American males, in Yale University, they were all Teachers and confederate students.
Teacher couldn’t see learner but could hear. Learner would be asked questions, answer incorrect on purpose and the shocks would increase w every question. 15-450 volts

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10
Q

Why did Milgram conduct his study?

A

To understand why the German’s all obeyed

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11
Q

Baseline findings Milgram

A

Every participant 300 volts
12.5% stopped at 300
65% continued to deathly 450

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12
Q

What qualitative data did Milgram observe

A

Participants showing

  • Extreme tension
  • Tremble
  • Stutter
  • Bite lip
  • Groan
  • Lip bite
  • Full seizure
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13
Q

How many were glad that they participated in Milgram’s study

A

84%

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14
Q

Milgram conclusions

A

Germans were no different Americans, he found specific variables caused more obedience

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15
Q

Milgram’s research EVAL

A
  • Milgrams replicated in French documentary, 80% delivered max of 460 volts, same nervous behaviour
  • But 75% believed real. Perry listened to tapes and found half believed shocks were real, demand characteristics
  • Sheridan and King conducted study real shocks on puppy. 54% male 100% delivered fatal shock
  • Social identity is better explanation (people did so as they believed they had to) due to Milgram’s prods
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16
Q

3 variables of Milgram

A
  • Uniform
  • Location
  • Proximity
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17
Q

Uniform Milgram explain

A

Baseline: White coat
When experimenter left and random member of public was asked to step in fell to 20%.
Uniforms portray authority

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18
Q

Proximity Milgram explain

A

Teacher and learner in same room fell from 65% to 40%
Touch proximity: 30%
Remote instructions: 20.5%
More aware of harm given

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19
Q

Location Milgram explain

A

In run down office not Yale, 47.5%

Yale perceived legitimacy

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20
Q

Milgram’s Situational variable EVAL

A
  • In NYC Bickman. 3 people- jacket and tie, milkman, security guard. All asked public to pick up litter or hand a coin. People 2x more likely to obey security guard than jacket and tie
  • ordered participants Dutch to say stressful things in an interview for job, desperate. 90% obeyed. When person giving orders not present- dramatic drop. Cross cultural
  • Smith and Bond identified 2 replications in non-Western that’s all so not very cross cultural
  • Milgrams study was so fake, demand characteristics at play
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21
Q

Agentic state definition

A

Mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we are acting for a figure of authority

22
Q

Autonomous state definition

A

Independent, free, doing what you want

23
Q

What is agent shift

A

Autonomy to agency

24
Q

Binding factor definiton

A

Situation means morality leaves

25
Q

What is meant by legitimacy of authority

A

Likely to obey those of whom we feel have societal authority over us. Learnt through childhood, adulthood, and general life

26
Q

What is destructive authority

A

Authority whereby people use it incorrectly for bad reasons

27
Q

What is a dispositional explanation of obedience

A

Explanation of obedience through the importance of an individuals personality

28
Q

Who created the Authoritarian personality

A

Adorno et al

29
Q

What is the Authoritarian personality

A

Whereby people are more likely to obey a person in power

30
Q

Characteristics of the Authoritarian personality

A
  • Extreme respect for power
  • Important to have strong leader
  • Others are weak
  • Everything is right or wrong
  • Ethnic groups are reasons for unjust in the world
31
Q

Why people develop Authoritarian personality

A
  • HARSH parenting, conditional love
  • High standards, not allowed to fail
  • Parents who use children as scapegoat
  • Child scared to express feelings
32
Q

Adorno et al’s research

A 
2000 white, Americans and their attitude to other racial groups 
F-scale (unconscious) 
Found high on scale likely to have AP
Conscious of status
No fuzziness in categories 
Stereotypes
33
Q

Dispositional explanation vs Situational

A

Situational not w personality

Dispositional w personality

34
Q

Dispositional explanation- EVAL

A
  • Elms and Milgram got participants in previous obedience studies to do Fscale. 20 obedient scored higher overall less than 20 disobedient participants.
  • But not all what is expected is seen so obedience and ap is more complex like respect to father
  • Limited explanation for Germany e.g, unlikely all had the AP. But maybe they used Jews as a scapegoat and idnetifed
  • Fscale measures tendency to extreme right win, Christie and Jahoda said extreme right and left are similar. So not explaining all sides of politics as a means of obedience.
35
Q

What is resistance to social influence

A

Ability for people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority and obey authority.
Influenced by situational and dispositional factors

36
Q

What is meant by social support in terms of social influence (obedience and conformity)

A

Conformity: A dissenter, showing that the majority is no longer unanimous.
Milgram found a drop from 65%-10% challenges the legitimacy of authority

37
Q

What is locus of control

A

Sense we each have about what directs our life, internal or external

38
Q

Who created the locus of control

A

Rotter

39
Q

What are the two locus of control and what do they mean

A

Internal- believe that the things that happen to them are controlled by themselves
External- believe that things that happen to them are out of their control

40
Q

LOC, resistance to social influence?

A
  • High internal LOC resist pressures to conform or obey, normally better leaders, confident and achievement oriented
  • High external LOC more likely to conform
41
Q

Resistance to social influence- EVAL

Social support and LOC

A
  • Albrecht et al, pregnant teens 14-19 8 week programme to quit smoking, social support provided by a older mentor. Those with buddy had more success
  • participants told to produce evidence that would be used to help oil smear company run smear campaign. High resistance, as in groups 88% rebelled against orders
  • Milgram study and measured lOC, 37% internal did not continue to highest shock, compared to 23% external
  • Twenge et al found over 40 years have become less obedience but more external
42
Q

What is minority influence?

A

Minority persuades others to adapt their beliefs, attitudes or behaviour. Internalisation

43
Q

Key features of minority influence

A 
-Consistency 
Synchronic consistency (saying the same thing) 
Diachronic consistency (saying the same thing for some time) 
-Commitment 
Augmentation principle (listen to their view)

-Flexibility

44
Q

What is the snowball effect

A

Slowly more listen to minority till its the majority.

45
Q

Minority influence- EVAL

A
  • Wood et al meta analysis 100 studies found that consistent minorities had most influence
  • Martin et al, minority has deeper processing, 1 group listened to minority another to majority more likely to side w majority
  • But Martin et all make clear difference in minor and major, but it is more complex in real life. Minority influence studies are not real life, real life situations may have big impacts on the world
46
Q

What is social change

A

When whole societies adopt new beliefs

47
Q

Minority influence into social change

A
  • Drawing attention
  • Consistency
  • Deeper processing
  • Augmentation principle
  • Snowball effect
  • Social cryptomnesia
48
Q

Social change conformity and obedience Asch and Milgram

A

When a dissenter is present less likely to conform

When one instruction is obeyed harder to disobey others

49
Q

Explain Aschs study

A

123 American males, 36.8% time agreed with participants

50
Q

What were Aschs variables explored

A
  • Group size, up to 3
  • Unanimity, less than a quarter with dissenter
  • Task difficulty, ISI
51
Q

Agentic state EVAL

A
  • Milgram supports agentic state, when experimenter said they were responsible, participants often continued
  • Rank found 16/18 nurses disobeyed orders of excessive drug on patient
52
Q

Legitimacy of authority EVAL

A
  • Cultural variations in Milgrams study, 16% australian, 85% german up to 450 volts
  • Legitimacy cannot explain why we disobey like with the nurses, Rank

Psychology (12 decks)

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