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Psychology > Issues and debates > Flashcards

Issues and debates Flashcards

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1
Q

Universality

A

Underlying characteristics of human beings can be applied to all despite differences

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2
Q

Gender bias

A

Treating one individual, group or gender different to others

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3
Q

Alpha bias

A

Research that focuses on the difference between men and women, tends to exaggerates

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4
Q

Beta bias

A

Research that minimises the differences between the two genders

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5
Q

Example of beta bias

A

Taylor et al women tend to ‘tend and befriend’ instead of fight or flight due to an increase in oxytocin

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6
Q

Androcentrism

A

Male behaviour viewed as normal

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7
Q

IGNORE

A

IGNORE

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8
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Judging other cultures by ones own culture e.g TSS

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9
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Berry,
Etic viewing behaviour from outside of a given culture
Emic viewing behaviour from within the culture
Behaviour can only be understood in that context

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10
Q

What does Berry say that psychology does?

A

Imposed Etic

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11
Q

IGNORE

A

IGNORE

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12
Q

Free will

A

Doing what you want no external forces

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13
Q

Determinism

A

Behaviour is out of our control

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14
Q

Soft determinism

A

Some is out of our control some is not. By James

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15
Q

Hard determinism

A

ALL is out of our control

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16
Q

Biological determinism

A

Due to our biology we act a certain way

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17
Q

Environmental determinism

A

Due to our environment we act a certain way

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18
Q

Psychic determinism

A

Due to our internal conflicts we act a certain way

19
Q

EVAL: Free will vs determinism (FOR FREE WILL)

A
  • People live a better quality life when they believe in free will . Roberts et al looked at students who believed in fatalism and found a higher risk of depression
  • Libet et al conducted brain scans and found that before there was activity, of flick risk, brain activity increased
  • But this could be the brain preparing for the conscious movement
  • Determinism makes it hard to place prisoners in jail
20
Q

What is the interactionist approach

A

Nature vs nurture

21
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

An environment coupled with biology causes trigger

22
Q

Epigenetics

A

Leaving trauma on our DNA for future, like smoking

23
Q

What measures 2 people with the same trait

A

Concordance rate

24
Q

Concordance 0.1?

A

10%

25
Q

What did plomin say about IQ?

A

.5

26
Q

IGNORE

A

IGNORE

27
Q

Hollism

A

Behaviour should be studied as a whole not in parts

28
Q

Reductionism

A

Behaviour should be studied as its constituent parts

29
Q

Levels of reductionism

A
  • Socio-cultural level
  • Psychological level
  • Enivronmental/biological level
  • Physiological level
  • Neurochemical level
30
Q

Environmental reductionism

A

Explain all behaviour in terms of stimulus-response learned through our lives

31
Q

Biological reductionism

A

Explain all behaviour through our biology

32
Q

IGNORE

A

IGNORE

33
Q

Idiographic approach

A

Focus studies on individual cases to understand behaviour

34
Q

Nomothetic approach

A

Study human behaviour through development of univeral principles and laws

35
Q

Is idiographic qualitative? and why?

A

Yes, usually unstructured interview. Go into depth

36
Q

Examples of idiographic

A

Little Albert by John Watson

37
Q

Is nomothetic quantitative? and why?

A

Yes, usually structured questionnaire

38
Q

Examples of nomothetic

A

Skinner studying rats and applying to humans

39
Q

Subjectivity vs objectivity

A

Nomothetic is objective

Idiographic is subjective

40
Q

EVAL: Idiographic vs nomothetic

A
  • Many idiographic make up nomothetic
  • Difficult to generalise findings in idiographic
  • Both approaches very scientific
  • Nomothetic looses the person in the study , e.g saying person is 1% likely to develop schizophrenia tells little
41
Q

Ethical implications

A

Consequence of any research in terms of effect on individual participants or the way in which a group is studied

42
Q

Social sensitivity

A

Sieber and Stanley, studies in which there are implications or consequences on the participants or those represented

43
Q

Stages of socially sensitive research

A
  • Well phrased research question
  • Dealing with participants, confidentiality, protection from harm etc
  • The ways the findings are used
44
Q

EVAL: Ethical implications of research studies and theory

A
  • Benefit those researched. DSM-1 said homosexuality was a sociopathic personality disorder. 5000 men and 6000 women studied found it was a sexual expression
  • But can be negative, like finding criminal gene
  • Real world application, gov uses socially sensitive research for policies like about children
  • Poor research once in public can cause implications like Burt’s 11+ exam, which had made up research assistants

Psychology (12 decks)

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