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Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual selection

A

An evolutionary explanation of partner preference- attributes or behaviours that increase reproductive success are passed on and may become exaggerated over succeeding generations of offspring

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2
Q

Who proposed sexual selection

A

Darwin

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3
Q

What is anisogamy

A

Differences between the male and female sex cells.
Men: sperm ; small, highly mobile and continuously created in large numbers to old age
Female: Egg, large, static and only small amount

Anisogamy gives rise to the types of sexual selection

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4
Q

What are the two types of sexual selection and what gender are they preferred by

A

Inter-sexual selection: females

intra-sexual selection: males

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5
Q

Explain inter-sexual selection

A

Quality over quantity
Trivers said that females put more effort into finding a mate, as females have to bare the child
-Sexy son hypothesis, Fischer (enhanced through reproduction)
-Runaway process (characteristic becomes exaggerated)

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6
Q

What is the sexy son hypothesis

A

Inter-sexual selection

Essentially that women make with people to have sons that look alike

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7
Q

Explain intra-sexual selection

A

Quantity over quality
Preferred by males
-Male competition, to see who can mate first and pass on their characteristics
-Causes dimorphism where males and females end up looking very different. Males are preferred as big and women as young and small.

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8
Q

What is human reproductive behaviour

A

Refers to any behaviours which relate to opportunities to reproduce thereby increase survival chances pf our genes

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9
Q

What is self disclosure

A

Revealing personal information about yourself, romantic partner reveal more about their true selves as their relationship develops. Like an onion

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10
Q

What is the social penetration theory and by who

A

Altman and Taylor
Gradual process of revealing inner self to someone, giving away thoughts and feelings.
More and more penetrate over time.

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11
Q

What is breadth and depth of self-disclosure according to Altman and Taylor

A
  • At start, superficial breadth of disclosure.

- As a relationship develops, becomes more depth

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12
Q

What is depenetration

A

When there is a dissatisfied partner they slowly reveal less and less.

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13
Q

Factors affecting attraction: Self-disclosure- EVAL

A

-Specher and Hendrick, 2004, studied heterosexual relationships between partners and found there were correlations between satisfaction and level of self-disclosure.
More self disclosure had better relationships
Sprecher et al ,2013, found reciprocal self-disclosure best when taken in turns
-Self-disclosure is not direct to satisfaction. Satisfaction may not come from disclosure perhaps a 3rd variable
-Self-disclosure improves communication in relationships. Self disclosure increases intimacy. Hass and Stafford found 57% homosexual men + women use self-disclosure as a way of deeper affection and communication
-Not all cultures require self-disclosure to improve communication. Tang et al 2013, reviewed sexual disclosure in men and women in US and China. US had much more self-disclosure, but no differences in satisfaction across countries. Ethnocentricism - cannot generalise

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14
Q

What people find most physically attractive

A

Shackelford and Larsen, people with symmetrical faces more attractive- seen as genetic fitness.
Neotenous baby face

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15
Q

What is the halo effect

A

People who are attractive as seen as strong, successful and kind.
Disproportionate judgement

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16
Q

Research on the matching hypothesis

A

Walster and Walster
We look for partners who are similar to ourselves in terms of physical attractiveness.

Male and female students invited to dance. Rated for physical attractiveness by objective observers and a questionnaire about themselves. They were told the data about themselves.
Computer used to match them.

Not supported, most attractive were chosen.
But Berscheid et al replicated the study participants chose partners who matched w them on physical attractiveness.
Choose those in our league.

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17
Q

What is the filter theory and who is it by

A

Kerckhoff and Davis
compared the attitudes and personalities of short term and long term relationships , explains how relationships are formed.

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18
Q

Explain in short detail the 3 filters within the filter theory

A

-Social demography
Influence whether we meet them or not, social class, education, religion. portrays the potential variety.
-Similarity in attitudes
Agree over basic thoughts
-Complementarity
Two partners complement each other. Together they are whole

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19
Q

What is the social exchange theory

A

A theory of how relationships form and develop, assuming partners act in self interest in exchanging rewards and costs.
A satisfied and committed relationship is maintained when rewards exceed costs.

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20
Q

What are the costs and benefits of a relationship

A

Cost;
Economic, time, toxic
Benefit;
Love, sex, presents, happiness

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21
Q

What is the comparison level, how is it decided.

A

Cl,
The level of rewards that you believe you deserve to get.
Past relationships, social norms, online, personal believe

22
Q

Comparison level, when is a relationships worth it

A

High CL, worth pursuing relationship

Low CL, not worth pursuing

23
Q

What is meant by CLalt

A

Do we believe that we are getting greater rewards and fewer costs than in another relationship.

24
Q

Difference between CL and CLalt

A

CL- personal

CLalt- compared to others

25
Q

What are the stages of relationship development

A
  • Sampling stage (rewards vs costs)
  • Bargaining stage (start exchanging rewards and costs)
  • Commitment stage (predictable source of reward and risk), rewards increase and costs lessen
  • Institutionalisation stage- partners have settled down , firmly established
26
Q

Theories of romantic relationships: Social exchange theory - EVAL

A

-Kurdek asked gay, lesbian and heterosexual couples to complete questionnaires measuring relationship commitment and SET variables
Those most committed saw most gains from the relationship and minimised costs and viewed alternatives as unattractive
Improves validity of theory
-SET, no equity, perceived reward and cost. SET ignores this
-But perhaps people only weigh out the relationship (costs and rewards) when they are dissatisfied.
-Hard to quantify SET concepts as rewards and costs vary from person to person. Unclear what values Alt before a person becomes dissatisfied

27
Q

Difference between social exchange theory and equity theory

A

The social exchange theory takes into account that most people just have balance and do not want just profit

28
Q

What is the role of equity in the equity theory

A

Essentially that people must have the same amount of cost and benefit as each other. If there is a lack of equity, one under or over benefits there is un happiness.
Over: Guilt, shame
Under: Anger, hostility

29
Q

What are the consequences of inequity?

A
  • Person becomes dissatisfied, not receiving enough back
  • Changes in perceived equity ; become dissatisfied as equity changes throughout the relationship
  • Dealing with inequity ; under partner will try harder. But also a partner can see what was previously a cost now the norm
30
Q

Theories of romantic relationships: Equity theory

A

-More valid than SET, Ultne et al carried out a survey of more than 118 recently married couples 16-45, together more than 2 years, completed 2 self report scales. Those seeing the relationship as equal were more satisfied
-But equity may come with satisfaction, Berg and McQuinn found equity increased w time, not about equity but other reasons like exchange.
-Not all cultures, Aumer-Ryan et al cultural differences between equity and satisfaction.
Individualist- more happy when equal
Collectivist- more happy when over benefitting
-Not all people search equity.
Benevolent; contribute more get less
Entitleds- deserve more than they give.

31
Q

What is the main idea of Rusbults investment model

A

Commitment

32
Q

What is Rusbult’s investment model about commitment

A

Factor 1: Satisfaction
dependent on CL level

Factor 2: Comparison w alternatives
CLalt, if their relationship is better than others

Factor 3: Investment
Investment is also important in relationships.
Insintric investments: put directly into the relationship e.g self-disclosure
Extrinsic: did not exist before the relationship e.g memories

33
Q

Why is investment good in Rusbults investment model

A

It explains why dissatisfied people stay in their relationships, like due to children

34
Q

Relationship maintenance mechanisms

A
  • Accommodation
  • Willingness to sacrifice
  • Forgiveness
  • Positive illusions
  • Ridiculing alternatives
35
Q

Theories of romantic relationships: Rusbult’s investment model- EVAL

A
  • Le and Agnew, 2003 meta analysis study reviewed 52 studies from 1970s-1999 included 11,000 participants from 5 countries. Found high levels of satisfaction, comparison to alt and investment has most satisfaction. Relationships most committed lasted longest. All genders and sexualities. Showed proof of his model
  • May feel more committed in relationship due to having high investment, so does not portray reason for commitment
  • Rusbult and Martz studied abused women at a shelter and found they were more likely to return w high investment and few alternatives, explains why
  • Original model forgets to think about the future (investment plans about the future), Goodfriend and Agnew
36
Q

What does duck’s phase model show

A

Why a relationship breaks down, through a process that takes time

37
Q

What are the stages of ducks phase model

A
  • Intra-psychic phase
  • Dyadic phase
  • Social phase
  • Grave dressing phase
38
Q

Explain Duck’s phase model in detail

A

-Intra-psychic phase: dissatisfaction of one person, may talk to friend
-Dyadic phase:
Tells partner
-Social phase:
Telling couples network
-Grave dressing phase
Relationship is dead, trying to make self better, perhaps altering the story

39
Q

Theories of romantic relationships: Duck’s phase model- EVAL

A
  • Helps real life, intra-psychic phase try to be positive, dyadic have good communication.
  • Individualist cultures, relationships come and go compared to collectivist where relationships are more long term, harder to leave
  • New 5th added by Duck called resurrection phase whereby what was learnt is applied to future relationships
  • Participants in study were after relationship ended, so retrospective and under explains start of relationship
40
Q

What is meant by the reduced cue theory in virtual relationships

A

Sproull and Kiesler, virtual relationships less effective than FtF as lack cues and physical appearance (disinhibition and deindividualisation)

41
Q

What are the two contrasting theories in virtual relationships

A

Reduced cue theory

Hyperpersonal model

42
Q

What is the hyperpersonal model

A

Walther greater disclosure than FtF.

1) great control over what to disclose, manipulates self
2) Receiver gains positive impression and will give feedback reinforcing the senders

Can just talk as they feel like strangers don’t know them actually

43
Q

What is absent in a virtual relationship

A

Gate

44
Q

What is meant by a gate

A

McKenna and Bargh, obstacle to forming a relationship

45
Q

What is the benefit of an absent gate in virtual relationships

A
  • people can be their true selves and not be judged for other reasons
  • Focuses on self disclosure
46
Q

Virtual relationships in social media- EVAL

A
  • Online verbal cues not totally absent. Walther and Tidwell said response time, emojis and way of typing is individual
  • In 25 studies, supports against hyper personal model, where it was seen that in virtual relationships higher frequency of breadth, depth self-disclosure but no visual difference between FtF and real life.
  • Self disclosure differs, Whitty and Johnson said online is more upfront when questions ask, FtF has small talk.
  • Socially anxious people like virtual relationships as no gates, 71% online and 49% stayed more than 2 year relationships of shy people - Kirkpatrick and Davis
47
Q

What is a parasocial relationship

A

One sided, unreciprocated relationship normally with fans

48
Q

How were the levels of parasocial relationships created

A

McCutcheon and his colleagues developed Celebrity attitude scale, used in large scale survey by Maltby et al identifying levels of parasocial relationships

49
Q

What are the levels of parasocial relationships and explain

A 
-Entertainment social 
Viewed as sources of entertainment 
-Intense personal 
Feelings towards 
-Borderline pathological 
Extreme behaviour and fantasies, perform illegal for them
50
Q

What is the absorption addiction model

A

McCutcheon, people may have the levels of parasocial relationships if issues in personal life.
Absorption; Seeking fulfilment in celebrity worship motivates to become addicted
Addiction: Require ‘dose’ to deel normal

51
Q

What is the link between parasocial relationships and attachment theory

A

Insecure-resistant form parasocial relationships as adults, so no pain of rejection.
Insecure-avoidant avoid relationships in general even parasocial

Psychology (12 decks)

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