Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of schizophrenia

A

Contact w reality and insight are impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who is most likely to have schizophrenia

A
  • Men

- City-dwellers and lower socio economic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two major systems for classification of mental disorder (schizophrenia) and explain how they are different

A

-ICD-10 Negative symptoms
-DSM-5 Positive symptoms
in order for diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms

A

Positive: New symptoms
Negative: Symptoms that are altered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Example of positive symptoms

A
  • Hallucinations (unusual sensory experiences)

- Delusions (no basis of reality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of negative symptoms

A
  • Speech poverty (reduction of speech quality)

- Avoilation (finding it hard to begin or keep up goal-directed activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Genetic explanation - family studies

A

-Family studies
Gottesman someone with aunt w schizo has 2% chance developing, 9% if sibling, 48% identical twin
Environment + biology are important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is meant by candidate gene in the genetic basis of schizophrenia including study

A

Schizophrenia is polygenic (a few different)
Ripke et al combined previous genome-wide studies (whole human genome)37,000 people e scizo, 113,000 controls and 108 separate genetic variations found, higher risk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by etiologically heterigeneous

A

Different combinations of factors, including genetic variation can lead to a specific condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What % do mutations increase the risk of developing schizophrenia

A

0.7% with fathers under 25

2% with fathers over 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the original dopamine hypothesis

A

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia caused symptoms similar to those in people with Parkinson’s.
Schizophrenia may be due to high levels of dopamine in subcortical areas of the brain. Excess of DA from sub cortex to Brocas area portrays stuff like speech poverty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the updated version of the dopamine hypothesis

A

Davis et al proposed also low DA in brains cortex. Explains cognitive problems.
So different high and low levels of dopamine across the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two psychological explanations for schizophrenia

A
  • Family dysfunction

- Cognitive explanations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain family dysfunctions psychological explanations of schizophrenia - all 3

A

-The schizophrenogenic mother
Fromm-Reichmann from her own patients. Mother is cold, rejecting, controlling and creates tension and secrecy in family.

-Double blind theory
Bateson et al said kids often find fear in wrongdoing, conditional love, so world is confusing for kids. Leads to disorganised thinking.

-Expressed emotion
High levels pf expressed emotion is stress for an individual. Verbal criticism, violence, hostility (anger), emotional over involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Definition of family dysfunction and cognitive explanations

A

Family dysfunction: Process within a family such as pure communication, cold parenting and high levels of expressed emotion.
Cognitive explanations: Focus on mental processes such as thinking, language and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain cognitive explanations psychological explanations of schizophrenia - all 3

A

-Dysfunctional thinking
Disruption to normal thought processes. Reduced thought processing in ventral striatum associated w negative symptoms. Reduced processing of information in the temporal and cingulate gyri w hallucinations

-Metarepresentation dysfunction
Frith et al, dysfunction in our cognitive ability to reflect on our thoughts and behaviours. Metarepresentation. So dysfunction means we think someone else is doing our actions

-Central control dysfunction
Frith et al, issues w suppressing automatic responses, often derailment of thoughts as each word triggers something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Psychological explanations for schizophrenia family dysfunction- EVAL

A

-Link family dysfunction to schizophrenia. Family dysfunction includes insecure attachment, childhood trauma and abuse. Read et al said that those w insecure attachment much more likely to have schizo
69% women and 59% me w schizo have history of sexual abuse, most adults w schizo have at least 1 trauma
-Double bind theory and schizophrenogenic mother hard to observe, so poor research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Psychological explanations for schizophrenia cognitive explanations

A

-Evidence for dysfunctional thought processing. Stirling et al compared performance of many cognitive tasks of people w and w/o schizo. 30-30
Stroop task, schzophrenia took 2x longer than control so cognition impaired
-Only explains how they proximal origins of symptoms not distal (from past) which are not well addressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common drug to use for schizophrenia

A

Antipsychotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two kinds of antipsychotics

A

Typical and Atypical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a typical antipsychotic - Chloropromazine

A

Tablets, syrup, injection. Orally 1000mg and initially 400-800mg

22
Q

How do antipsychotics work

A

By being a dopamine antagonism.
Reduce the action of neurotransmitters.
Block dopamine receptors. This normalises overall dopamine and reduces hallucinations.

23
Q

What is the sedation effect when drug treating schizophrenia

A

Effective sedative.
Related to histamine receptors.
Syrup absorbs faster

24
Q

Difference between typical and atypical drugs

A

Atypical
-Developed after typical antipsychotics, target a range of neurotransmitters

Typical
-First generation, work as dopamine antagonists

25
Q

What do atypical antipsychotics aim to do

A

-Reduce schizophrenia symptoms and also minimise side effects

26
Q

What are the two kinds atypical antipsychotics

A

Clozapine

Risperidone

27
Q

Explain clozapine , atypical antipsychotics

How does it work

A
  • Developed in 1960s and trialled in 1970s , withdrawn after deaths due to blood condition.
  • Reused in 1980s as main, only gave to people w regular blood tests, due to fatal effects.

-Binds to dopamine, seratonin and glutamate receptors, improves mood, depression and anxiety. Gives good mood so sometimes when person also suicidal.

28
Q

Explain Risperidone, atypical antipsychotics

A

-More recently developed.attempted to be like clozapine but without such side effects. Tablets, syrup lasts for 2 weeks.
-4-8mg dose max of 12mg
-Binds to dopamine (v strongly) and seratonin receptors.
So stronger in smaller doses, so less side effects

29
Q

What % of people w schizophrenia attempt suicide at some point

A

30-50%

30
Q

Explain the 3 drugs prescribed to those w schizophrenia

A
  • Chloropromazine - typical
  • Clozapine - atypical
  • Risperidone - atypical
31
Q

Biological therapy for schizophrenia- EVAL

A
  • Drugs Effective in symptoms of schizophrenia, Thormley et al compared effects of chlorpromazine and control conditions. Data from 13 trials w 1121 participants showed overall better functioning and less symptoms. Meltzer found that clozapine is more effective (atypical) than most typical and atypical antipsychotics. 30-50% more effective than others
  • Healy suggested serious flaws w evidence for effectiveness, only short term. Also people more tranquil on drugs so don’t know if symptoms actually change. Effectiveness may not be as large
  • Antipsychotics have large n of symptoms. Diziness, weight gain, blinking, facial movements. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is when dopamine blocks dopamine action in hypothalamus in brain associated w systems. NMS causes high body temp, coma and fatal. 0.1-2%
  • Not a complete hypothesis, original dopamine hypothesis does not explain how they work. Perhaps overall ineffective due to symptoms.
32
Q

What are two types of psychological therapy for schizophrenia

A
  • Cognitive behaviour therapy

- Family therapy

33
Q

Explain the two types of psychological therapy for schizophrenia

A

-Cognitive therapy (5-20 sessions)
Help client sense how irrational their cognitions are.
Portraying ‘the way it is’ (e.g dysfunctional speech centre instead of voices heard)
Normalisation, extension of ordinary thinking

-Family therapy
Sit down with identified patient, Pharaoh et al said it helps reduce negative emotions towards schizophrenia and improves the families ability to help.

34
Q

Definition of cognitive behavioural therapy

A

Method of treating based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques. Cognitive, therapy aims to deal with thinking, like challenging negative thoughts. Therapy includes behavioural techniques

35
Q

What is meant by a model of practice when regarding family therapy

A 
Burbach proposed a model: 
Stage 1; sharing basic info 
Stage 2; identifying resources including what different family members can and can't offer 
Stage 3; Encourage mutual understanding, safe space 
Stage 4; Identifying unhelpful patterns 
Stage 5;Skills w stress management 
Stage 6; Relapse prevention
Stage 7; Maintenance for future
36
Q

Psychological therapy for schizophrenia CBT- EVAL

A
  • CBT for schizo is effective, Jauhar et al reviewed 34 CBT studies, significant effects on positive and negative symptoms. Pontillo et al found reductions in frequency and severity of auditory hallucinations. Clinical advice from NICE recommends CBT
  • But wide range of techniques and symptoms included in studies, CBT techniques cary from people to people so not very controlled. Difficult to see how effective it will be
37
Q

Psychological therapy for schizophrenia Family Therapy- EVAL

A

-Real world effectiveness,
McFarlane concluded family therapy was most consistent therapy, relapse reduced by 50-60%, NICE recommends for all. Benefits vary
-Lobban and Barrowclough said family is also helped because family plays a big role in main role of support in schizo’s life.

38
Q

What is a token economy

A

Behaviour modification, reinforces ‘good’ behaviour by providing a secondary reinforcer of which can often be exchanged.

39
Q

What is meant by primary and secondary reinforcer

A

Primary reinforcer- food, phone call etc

Secondary reinforcer- token, points etc

40
Q

When was a token economy tried out with schizophrenia

A

Ayllon and Adrian trialled token economy in ward of women w schizo. Every time a good behaviour was seen like making a bed, a plastic token was given. This could be swapped for privileges. Number of tasks carried out increased significantly. Lot used in 1960/70 but not as much now due to ethical issues

41
Q

What are the three things tackled with a token economy

A

Matson et al

-Personal care, condition-related behaviours and social care

42
Q

What are the two major benefits of a token economy on treating those w schizophrenia

A
  • Improves persons quality of life

- Normalises behaviour to make it easier to reintegrate back into normal life

43
Q

Explain token economies as a means of behaviour modification

A

Secondary reinforcer, exchanged for primary reinforcer. Works on operant conditioning. Primary and secondary must be paired together

44
Q

Management of schizophrenia token economies- EVAL

A
  • Token has effectiveness, Glowicke et al identified 7 high quality studies 1999-2013 that examined effectiveness of token economies for people w chronic mental health issues, patients in hospital. Negative symptoms were reduced
  • Only 7 studies though, file drawer problem
  • Ethical issues as normal people are given power, imposing other peoples norms and restricts freedom and may cause legal action
  • Better ways to treat schizo, Chiang et al art therapy effective and low risk, NICE recommends, good alternative
45
Q

What is the interactionist approach

A

Way to explain the development of behaviour in terms of a range of factors, including biological and psychological ones.
Factors do not add together but combine in a way that cant be predicted

46
Q

What are some psychological factors that could be with he interactionist approach

A

Stress, life events, poor interaction with family

47
Q

What is the diathesis stress model

A

Diathesis (underlying vulnerability) + Trigger (stress). f

48
Q

What is Meehl’s model

A

Entirely genetic, schizogene
Created schizotypic personality.
No amount off stress without schizogene will cause schizo.
Stress and trauma can cause the gene to be shown

49
Q

What is the modern understanding of diathesis

A

Range of genes together, modern views of diathesis include psychological trauma and genetic factor.
Read et al says that trauma alters the brain, overactive areas

50
Q

What is the modern understanding of stress

A

Stress and parenting. But also cannabis use x7 more likely, as interferes with dopamine. People do not develop schizophrenia from smoking weed.

51
Q

What is the treatment according to the interactionist model

A

Antipsychotic + CBT
Turkington et al said that even w biological symptoms can be eased.
In UK both is used
In US more medicine

52
Q

The interactionist approach to schizophrenia- EVAL

A

-Support for interactionist, role of triggers
tienari et al 2004 investigated impact of genetic vulnerability and psychological trigger.
Followed 19,000 kids with Finnish mothers w schizo vs controlled group
Parents assessed on child rearing techniques hostility , low levels of empathy w schizo
-Diathesis stress model is too simple, stress comes not just from parenting, multiple genes are involved. Houston et al studied kinds where sexual abuse was major influence causing schizo and cannabis as trigger. Multiple factors together
-Interactionist approach combo of bio and psych treatment supported. Practical application.
Tarrier et al allocated 315 participants
1.Medication + CBT
2.Medication + councelling
3.Control, just medicine
1 and 2 showed less symptoms. No difference in hospital readmission
-Jarvis and Okami say logical error e.g alcohol causes less shyness so being shy means you need alcohol.
Success does not mean it works

Psychology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions