Forensic Psychology Flashcards

Question

Diathesis stress model genetic explanation

Answer 1

Combo of environment and biology

Answer 2

Raine, those with APD (reduced emotional responses) had reduced activity in prefrontal cortex. 11% of grey matter redu

Answer 3

Keysers found that criminals when asked to empathise could. Mirror neurons control this Empathy switched on or off

Answer 4

People's decisions and judgement on right or wrong can be summarised in a stage theory. - Stage 1 and 2; preconventional - - avoid punishment w gains, self centred - Conventional - have moral reasoning

Answer 5

Behaviour is represented by E - introversion and extroversion N - Neuroticism and stability P - Psychoticism and sociability

Answer 6

Extraverts - underactive nervous system and seek stimulation and likely to be in risk taking behaviour. Hard to condition Neurotic - High levels in sympathetic nervous system, respond fast to fight or flight. Nervous and jumpy Psychotic - Higher levels of testosterone, aggressive and lack empathy

Answer 7

- Via socialisation process - Immature and selfish - Impatient and cannot wait for things - Less likely to learn anxiety responses

Answer 8

-Research support, Eysenck and Eysenck compared 2070 prisoners scores in EPQ with 2422 controls ENP were all above average -But Farrington et al conducted a meta analysis study and found that above average on P not on E and N -Moffitt says not personality alone but also environment -Not culturally valid, Bartol and Holanchock studied Hispanic and American African offenders, split into 6 groups based on offending history and found that all less extravert than control

Answer 9

Learnt through attitudes and techniques through interactions, Behaviourist approach

Answer 10

'The conditions which are said to cause crime should be present, and they should be absent when crime is absent'

Answer 11

Learning attitudes - pro crime | Learning techniques - How to do it

Answer 12

Socialisation in prison, school of crime

Answer 13

- Moves away from biological and due to personal weakness. More realistic than eugenics - But can make people inevitable offenders - Sutherland shows can be all communities like white-collar (middle class like burglary) - Difficult to test and operationalise as hard to see how many pro-crime attitudes someone has been exposed to

Answer 14

SUPEREGO - morality ID - needs and wants EGO - mediator

Answer 15

Phalic stage

Answer 16

The weak superego - no identification, absent same sex The deviant superego - Internalise immoral The over harsh superego - Crippled with guilt with strict parents

Answer 17

44 thieves 14 had had affection less psychopathy 12 of these had prolongued maternal deprivation

Answer 18

Inadequately functioning superego

Answer 19

- Goreta observed super ego of 10 offenders and saw that they felt guilt and need for punishment - But we would expect those with strict parents to have constant guilt but normally they are rebellious and no guilt - Freuds is gender biased study, females don't have castration anxiety, therefore should have weaker superego and less pressure to identify with mum. But men 20x more likely to offend in the UK (alpha bias) - Lewis interviewed 500 young people, found that maternal deprivation normally coupled with other long poverty

Answer 20

A convict spending time in a prison or institution

Answer 21

1. Deterrence (stop from doing again) 2. Incapacitation (remove from the society) 3. Retribution (for society to take revenge) 4. Rehab (become better people)a

Answer 22

1. Stress and depression 2. Institutionalisation (not function outside) 3. Prisonisation

Answer 23

45% in UK | 20% in Norway, focus on rehab

Answer 24

Faulty, biased and irrational ways of thinking, so perceive self and others inaccurately. - Hostile attribution bias thinking people are looking at you, Just 55 violent offenders emotionally ambiguous images, more likely to see as angry - Minimisation , downplaying, Barbara found 26 incarcerated rapists, 54% denied committing the crime and 40% minimised the harm

Answer 25

Punish disobedience

Answer 26

Operant conditioning | Reward with token (secondary reinforcer)

Answer 27

1. Operationalise behaviour, breaking into components 2. Scoring system all is the 'same' 3. Train staff so the token system implemented is successful. Standardise the procedure

Answer 28

- Link between moral reasoning and crime, Palmer and Hollin compared moral reasoning in 332 non-offenders and 126 convicted felone using socio moral reflection measure, containing dilemma related questions. Offenders had less moral reasoning compared to non-offender group - Level of moral reasoning depends on offence, Thorntib and RL Reid found that hose committing crimes for financial gain were more likely to show preconventional moral reasoning than those w impulsive crimes. Kohlberg's theory does not apply to all - Kohlberg's theory helps to justify behaviour after it occurs not beforehand

Answer 29

Nocavo says cognitive triggers he emotional arousal

Answer 30

1. Cognitive prep- understand triggers 2. Skills acquisition (cognitive, behavioural, physiological) 3. Application (roleplay)

Answer 31

Keen saw significant progress in 17-21

Answer 32

Focus on victim recovery and offender rehab. | Sit together online and talk about the crime so offender sees the effects

Answer 33

Clear rules of RJ

Answer 34

- Strength of cognitive distortion applied to theory, encourage offenders to look at what they have done. Denial causes high risk of reoffending - Howitt and Sheldon gathered a questionnaire responses from sexual offenders. Non contact had more distortions than contact, and those w previous sexual offending. Cognitive distortions depends on the kind of offender and do not help to predict future behaviour.