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Forensic Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Top down approach

A

US

Start with pre established typologies and assign into a group

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2
Q

When was the td approach used

A

FBI

Gathered 36 interviews of sexually motivated killers and could categories into organised or disorganised

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3
Q

What is organised

A

Evidence of planning, above average intelligence

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4
Q

What is disorganised

A

No planning, impulsive, lonely

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5
Q

4 stages of FBI profile

A
  1. Data assimilation - evidence review
  2. Crime scene classification - organised or disorganised
  3. Crime reconstruction - hypothesis of events
  4. Profile generation - Hypothesis of likely offender
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6
Q

EVAL: Top down approach

A
  • Obvious of distinct categories. Canter et al viewed 100 murders and found concurrence of 39
  • Organised and disorganised not exclusive. Godwin suggests could be random
  • TD can be adapted to other crimes, 85% of solved cases in 3 states in US (Meketa)
  • FBI top down doesn’t have a scientific basis
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7
Q

Bottom up approach

A

UK
Generate a picture of the criminal through their actions and by systematic analysis at the crime scene no fixed typologies. Data driven

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8
Q

Investigative psychology

A

Matches details from a crime scene to statistical analysis of typical offender

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9
Q

Interpersonal coherence

A

The way in which offender behaves / interacts with the victim.
-E.g rapists more apologetic Dwyer

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10
Q

Significance of time and place

A

In geographic profiling

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11
Q

Forensic awareness

A

May be ‘mindful’ of their tracks

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12
Q

Geographical profiling 2 types

A

Marauder and commuter

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13
Q

What is geographical profiling

A

Uses info from crime scene to make inferences about their likely base.

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14
Q

Centre of gravity

A

Base of the criminal

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15
Q

Canter circle theory

A

That there is a circle around the offending home

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16
Q

What can geographical profiling show

A

Was the crime planned or opportunistic

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17
Q

EVAL: Bottom up approach

A
  • Evidence, Canter and Heritage observed 66 sexual assault cases using smallest space analysis and there were common behaviours
  • Lundrigan and Canter found centre of gravity with geographical profiling especially with marauder
  • However geographical alone does not help, 75% of crimes are not even reported by people. Other factors important.
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18
Q

Atavistic form

A

Biological, that they look a certain way

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19
Q

Who created the atavistic form

A

Lombroso

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20
Q

What do criminals look like (atavistic form)

A

Murders- blood shot eyes, curly hair, long ears
Sexual deviant- Swollen, fleshy lips, thin and reedy
Also normally extra toes, nipples, dark skin, tattoos, unemployment, use of slang

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21
Q

Lombrosos research for atavistic form

A

Italian convicts
383 dead
3839 alive
40% of criminals had this atavistic form

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22
Q

IGNORE

A

IGNORE

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23
Q

Genetic twin studies of offending

A

Christiansen studied 3500 twin pairs in Denmark
Concordance rates for
35% MZ
13% DZ
Crowe said that adopted children with biological mother criminal record had
50% crime chance
5% without

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24
Q

What is the candidate gene

A

MAOA - aggression
CDH13 - substance abuse and ADHD
by Tihonen et al (500 Finnish offenders). 5-10% of severe crime

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25
Q

Diathesis stress model genetic explanation

A

Combo of environment and biology

26
Q

Prefrontal cortex neural explanation

A

Raine, those with APD (reduced emotional responses) had reduced activity in prefrontal cortex. 11% of grey matter redu

27
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Keysers found that criminals when asked to empathise could.
Mirror neurons control this
Empathy switched on or off

28
Q

What did Kohlberg propose

What are his stages

A

People’s decisions and judgement on right or wrong can be summarised in a stage theory.

  • Stage 1 and 2; preconventional -
  • avoid punishment w gains, self centred
  • Conventional - have moral reasoning
29
Q

IGNORE

A

IGNORE

30
Q

What Eysencks personality theory

A

Behaviour is represented by
E - introversion and extroversion
N - Neuroticism and stability
P - Psychoticism and sociability

31
Q

What is the criminal behaviour

A

Extraverts - underactive nervous system and seek stimulation and likely to be in risk taking behaviour. Hard to condition
Neurotic - High levels in sympathetic nervous system, respond fast to fight or flight. Nervous and jumpy
Psychotic - Higher levels of testosterone, aggressive and lack empathy

32
Q

What did Eysenck view criminals as

A
  • Via socialisation process
  • Immature and selfish
  • Impatient and cannot wait for things
  • Less likely to learn anxiety responses
33
Q

EVAL: Eysencks personality questions

A

-Research support, Eysenck and Eysenck compared 2070 prisoners scores in EPQ with 2422 controls
ENP were all above average
-But Farrington et al conducted a meta analysis study and found that above average on P not on E and N
-Moffitt says not personality alone but also environment
-Not culturally valid, Bartol and Holanchock studied Hispanic and American African offenders, split into 6 groups based on offending history and found that all less extravert than control

34
Q

What is differential association theory

A

Learnt through attitudes and techniques through interactions, Behaviourist approach

35
Q

What did Sutherland say

A

‘The conditions which are said to cause crime should be present, and they should be absent when crime is absent’

36
Q

The two kinds of offending behaviours learn

A

Learning attitudes - pro crime

Learning techniques - How to do it

37
Q

Reason for recidivism

A

Socialisation in prison, school of crime

38
Q

EVAL: DAS

A
  • Moves away from biological and due to personal weakness. More realistic than eugenics
  • But can make people inevitable offenders
  • Sutherland shows can be all communities like white-collar (middle class like burglary)
  • Difficult to test and operationalise as hard to see how many pro-crime attitudes someone has been exposed to
39
Q

Difference between Id EGO and SUPEREGO

A

SUPEREGO - morality
ID - needs and wants
EGO - mediator

40
Q

When is the superego formed

A

Phalic stage

41
Q

Types of superego

A

The weak superego - no identification, absent same sex
The deviant superego - Internalise immoral
The over harsh superego - Crippled with guilt with strict parents

42
Q

Bowlbys 44 thieves

A

44 thieves
14 had had affection less psychopathy
12 of these had prolongued maternal deprivation

43
Q

Reason for affection less psychopathy

A

Inadequately functioning superego

44
Q

EVAL: Psychodynamic

A
  • Goreta observed super ego of 10 offenders and saw that they felt guilt and need for punishment
  • But we would expect those with strict parents to have constant guilt but normally they are rebellious and no guilt
  • Freuds is gender biased study, females don’t have castration anxiety, therefore should have weaker superego and less pressure to identify with mum. But men 20x more likely to offend in the UK (alpha bias)
  • Lewis interviewed 500 young people, found that maternal deprivation normally coupled with other long poverty
45
Q

Custodial sentencing

A

A convict spending time in a prison or institution

46
Q

4 REASONS for custodial sentencing

A
  1. Deterrence (stop from doing again)
  2. Incapacitation (remove from the society)
  3. Retribution (for society to take revenge)
  4. Rehab (become better people)a
47
Q

Psychological effects of custodial sentencing

A
  1. Stress and depression
  2. Institutionalisation (not function outside)
  3. Prisonisation
48
Q

Recidivism figures

A

45% in UK

20% in Norway, focus on rehab

49
Q

Explain cognitive distortions and the two sub headings

A

Faulty, biased and irrational ways of thinking, so perceive self and others inaccurately.

  • Hostile attribution bias thinking people are looking at you, Just 55 violent offenders emotionally ambiguous images, more likely to see as angry
  • Minimisation , downplaying, Barbara found 26 incarcerated rapists, 54% denied committing the crime and 40% minimised the harm
50
Q

What is behaviour modification

A

Punish disobedience

51
Q

Token economy

A

Operant conditioning

Reward with token (secondary reinforcer)

52
Q

Design a token economy

A
  1. Operationalise behaviour, breaking into components
  2. Scoring system all is the ‘same’
  3. Train staff so the token system implemented is successful. Standardise the procedure
53
Q

Biological explanation cognitive level of moral reasoning- EVAL

A
  • Link between moral reasoning and crime, Palmer and Hollin compared moral reasoning in 332 non-offenders and 126 convicted felone using socio moral reflection measure, containing dilemma related questions. Offenders had less moral reasoning compared to non-offender group
  • Level of moral reasoning depends on offence, Thorntib and RL Reid found that hose committing crimes for financial gain were more likely to show preconventional moral reasoning than those w impulsive crimes. Kohlberg’s theory does not apply to all
  • Kohlberg’s theory helps to justify behaviour after it occurs not beforehand
54
Q

CBT

A

Nocavo says cognitive triggers he emotional arousal

55
Q

3 stages of anger management

A
  1. Cognitive prep- understand triggers
  2. Skills acquisition (cognitive, behavioural, physiological)
  3. Application (roleplay)
56
Q

Positive outcome of anger management

A

Keen saw significant progress in 17-21

57
Q

IGNORE

A

IGNORE

58
Q

Restorative justice

A

Focus on victim recovery and offender rehab.

Sit together online and talk about the crime so offender sees the effects

59
Q

When will RJ occur

A

Whenever

60
Q

What does Restorative Justice Council do

A

Clear rules of RJ

61
Q

Psychological explanations: Cognitive, Cognitive distortions- EVAL

A
  • Strength of cognitive distortion applied to theory, encourage offenders to look at what they have done. Denial causes high risk of reoffending
  • Howitt and Sheldon gathered a questionnaire responses from sexual offenders. Non contact had more distortions than contact, and those w previous sexual offending. Cognitive distortions depends on the kind of offender and do not help to predict future behaviour.

Psychology (12 decks)

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