Social Inequality

Question 1

What is considered a rare sociological ubiquity

Answer 1

Social inequality

Question 2

Why is social inequality considered a rare sociological ubiquity

Answer 2

Because all societies exhibit systematic inequalities that differentiate people based on their membership in some category

Question 3

How is social inequality similar to language

Answer 3

Just the way everyone all have the innate ability to learn language but the specific one learnt is dependent on the social interaction,
All societies have so far exhibited some sort of social inequality but the way it is assigned differs in each country

Question 4

When studying inequality, is there a specific reason that causes some people to be slotted into some category over another another person? What accounts for the unequal treatment?

Answer 4

How inequality is assigned is completely arbitrary, it is not something that is innately different or significantly assigned based on meaning assigned from nature, it is solely based on how people decided or chose to do so, it could be because of inequality in wealth, and work

There is nothing that makes someone higher chance to be an aristocrat or being a peasant, it is not something that is essential to who that human is

The question refers to what exactly is used to slot people into those different categories

Question 5

What are some exmaple of inequality in premodernity

Answer 5

Unequal access to wealth, unequal division of labour

Question 6

Wealth, access to materials, safety, access to education, health outcomes like mortality rate, social recognition are considered what type of variable

Answer 6

Exhibit patterned inequality, they are dependent variables that may be true result of social inequality
How social inequality may manifest

Question 7

What should we not conclude when discussing dependent patterns inequality

Answer 7

The existence of an exception is possible, that pattern is not always ubiquitous when saying wealth, access to education, safety as dependent variables for social inequality

Question 8

What is social recognition

Answer 8

To be ones self in the public and be met with respect, this is an exmaple of a dependent possible result of inequality

The ability to be included in the public sphere as one’s authentic self

Question 9

Class, gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, immigration status, disability status, sexuality are considered what type of variables?

Answer 9

These are systems of social categorization that we can use to predict how individuals are affected by social inequality
They are indpendent variables

Question 10

What is the relationship of social inequality between the dependent and independent variables

Answer 10

Want to know how changes in the independent variable affect the dependent variable
How changes in classmate gender, the ethnicity, nationality, sexuality, immigration status, disability status affects wealth, safety, access to education, health outcomes, and social recognition
For example because of my nationality my access to education differs from a Canadian citizen
I cannot apply to med school until I get a PR compared to a Canadian citizen that can apply in their 4th or 3rd year

Question 11

What are the three most considered independent variables that are related to many different outcome sand are often included as control variables in analysis and why are they included in research each time

Answer 11

Class, gender and race
They are included as control groups because they are likely to cause an effect, to isolate the effect of whatever you want to study you have to take them into account so that the results you get would be because of what you are studying not race, gender or class

For example, if i was to study the incidence of 20/20 vision in the average highschooler in Canadian schools, we have to ensure that 20/20 vision differences inhighschoolers is not because of race, gender or class, but maybe as a result of continuous exposure to ultra violent rays from phones, screens, sun

Question 12

What’s the difference between race and ethnicity

Answer 12

Race is a category determined by significant visible physical differences that gets defines as culturally different. For example colour of skin,

Ethnicity is more shared culture, tradition and language

Question 13

The mandate in Quebec that religious attires should not be visible to the public is an example of what?

Answer 13

This is an example of an ethnicity based rule, where its not based on physical properties, like hair, color of skin but more on shared culture of wearing hijabs, religious crosses, etc for example nothing wrong with a Muslim teaching high school kids ( race) but to teach wearing a hijab is not allowed

Question 14

Who studies the police shooting in US and the relationship to race

Answer 14

Ross

Question 15

What type of inequality specifically does the Black Lives Matter movements try to propagate

Answer 15

Safety. Blacks do not feel safe nor secured in their lives and once’s safety greatly decreases when exposed to police brutality

Question 16

Organized efforts by one or more groups in the society to promote or resist social change through various types of engagement is called

Answer 16

Social movement

Question 17

What is the goal of the BLM movement

Answer 17

Fight for safety, the fact that people feel unsafe especially when encountering the social intuitions that are meant to keep them safe isa threat to their lives

Question 18

What is the relationship between social movements and social inequality, why are they connected

Answer 18

Social movements arise to response to social inequality to challenge, change, eliminate it like the BLM and Me Too
These are also some examples of inequality with a dependent variable of safety

Or other times the movement could be to maintain the existing inequality likeunite the Right movement is an example of a social movement that aims to retain the social inequality

Question 19

What are examples of social movements organized against the dependent variable safety

Answer 19

Me too and BLM

Question 20

What were the results and limitations that Ross’s study of police shooting and race identified

Answer 20

Limitation- Study was conducted between black and white only, excluding other people

Results:
some places there were few differences in police brutality to black, other places truer was equal treatment of black or white but in some counties black peoples have a chance to be 20 more times to be shot during in a police encounter then white

Nationally blacks are 3. 49 vs 1 of white to be shot

This overall shows that this significant difference is clearly attributed from racial differences

Question 21

According to Ross in urban county, low median income and high financial inequality have the likely hood to what in relation to black police brutality

Answer 21

In Counties with such characteristic are more likely to have more police briutality so when the social inequality in finances are heightened with most people having lower income and few being extremely rich, the rate of police brutality is heightened

Question 22

What variable according to Ross was unrelated to racial bias in police brutality and what was its significance

Answer 22

Crime rate
Racial bias is not related to crime rate
Even if there is increased crime rate it does not have any correlation or relation to the amount of police brutality

Question 23

How does the heat map in the lecture slide differ from what we may think and assume about racial prejudice

Answer 23

Places like California which are considered the okay, liberal place there is still police briutality more than in some other counties in Florida even though Florida of course still records high level of brutality in some areas

So use empirical evidence to understand social inequality not just the assumptions and claims

Question 24

What question does Ross research help to answer about social inequality

Answer 24

The question of if there is actual police brutality against blacks or it is just an assumption

Question 25

To understand the emergence of social inequality exist in today what is necessary to do so?

Answer 25

We need to explore inequality historically
To understand the systematic social inequality requires that we look at the historically origins that predicted and led to the inequality still present today

Question 26

What was the structure that was sustained during slavery in North America

Answer 26

The configuration of the structure of the economy was reliant on slavery. Massive amounts of wealth was amassed through slave trade.

Question 27

What was the relationship of the structure to black peoples

Answer 27

Black people were considered to properties of the white who could be used by their owner, any way they wished

Question 28

How was race a determining factor in the strcuture for the categorization of people that fostered inequality?

Answer 28

Race was used as a category that determined individuals relationship to the economy.
The structure in place at the time ensured that in order to be considered a slave the person was black. To be inside the racial categorization was to be black, blackness was essential

They are using the phetypoic attributes of black (race) that the black stolen form Africa or born into slavery were belonging of a specific race that was different from white

Question 29

What was the story ( dominant culture) that justified the structure that blacks were private property to be owned

Answer 29

The story was the idea of dehumanization-

this was that blacks were not human, so it was okay to treat them as such,
Their hair felt like wool, like sheep so therefore they were not fully humans, so animal like
The phenotypic feature of hair was used to justify blacks as not being completely human

Question 30

What was the impact of hair for the justification of slavery

Answer 30

Black Hair was seen as wool, it felt like the sheep’s fur, which was an evidence that they were not fully human.

Question 31

why is it that for slavery to be accomplished dehumanization was not a necessary thing that had to be considered

And how does this relate to the Romans definition of slavery

Answer 31

Dehumanization is not necessary to justify Slavery, this was a story the North Americans came up with this to justify tedium slavery

So slavery in it of itself is not dehumanization but a narrative that was created

For example the Roman Empire also had slavery but their reason was through war conquest, so by taking over your country after beating you in war instead of killing you, you can work for us. So we are justified in that i am helping you

Question 32

The original cultural narrative that served to justify slavery was called

Answer 32

Scientific racism

Question 33

How did scientific racism foster a the dominant cultural narrative of dehumanization

Answer 33

Scientific racism claims that races are very evidently different from each other, phenotypically

They have a completely different capacity from the white, they are less intelligent, more emotionally volatile and not fully humans

Question 34

After the end of slavery what other issues became relevant that made the black experience of being free difficult. What did this social change do to affect this structure

Answer 34

Although people were not slaves, no longer considered too be private property anymore the social configuration of slavery were still apparent, the social change did not lead to complete abolishment’s of the effects of structure since
Black people lacked properties, social capital that even a poor North American would have had

Question 35

Who used the term reconstruction to refer to the aftermath of slavery after the civil war

Answer 35

W. E. B. Du Bois

Question 36

What did Du Bois mean by reconstruction after the civil war abolished slavery

Answer 36

How the structure of the society had to be reconstructed and change to meet with the new change of end to racism

Since the very shaping of the American structure and economy relied heavily on slaves, how was this sudden change going to affect the shaping of the society? , what change was going to take place

Question 37

What argument about the structure odid DU boi make that contrasted with culture and therefore made reconstruction more difficult

Answer 37

He argued that after the abolishment of slavery, although the structure had changed but the cultural narrative had not changed
So although further changes in the structure through emancipation, suffrage and education were made possible for blacks, the story of racism still remained and therefore inequality was still apparent

Question 38

How did the structural change of emancipation, suffrage and education suggested by W.E. B. DU Bois affect inequality

Answer 38

Although there was structural changes after the abolition of slavery
That is emancipation- which was the story that once the civil war ended, equality would become possible
Suffrage- once they got the right to vote, it would lead to equality
Education- once education was made available to all black people
All these changes to the structure were introduced but non of them were able to end the level of inequality. The cultural narrative that defined them as fundamentally unequal to whites continued to remain in the mind of the white

Question 39

What was racial wage according to WEB DuBois

Answer 39

The sense of cultural superiority that whites enjoy simply by virtue of being white. By being white you already enjoy certain things that other people don’t have access to

Question 40

How according to Du Bois did racial wage manifest?

Answer 40

White plantation owners, had overseers who were not as rich but were responsible for keeping charge of the slaves. During slavery they would be in charge if the slaves

But after slavery ended according to Du Bois, in an ideal situation these overseers and former slaves should be workin together, in that both of them do not own land but they are both working for the plantation owners to earn a lively hood. They both had a common relationship which should encourage them to ban together since they had common interest

But in reality because of racial wage these white overseers thought of themselves as better than the black. Even the poor, wretched whites was better to them than a rich black.

Question 41

What did segregation imply after abolition of slavery

Answer 41

This was still another example of structure introduced to curb inequality but it was structure that justified scientific racism

Question 42

Montgomery bus boycott, sit ins, marches on Washington for jobs and freedom, freedom riders are all examples of what?

Answer 42

Social movements against inequality, civil rights movements

Question 43

What impact did the freedom riders have on the civil rights movement

Answer 43

They were

They were black and white Americans that went to places where the white rules had been enforced, and would force the laws related to those segregations to be enforced or not
Since they acted in ways that opposed the culture, the structure used violence to enforce the cultural narrative , as such, they would often get dragged like rag dolls in places that enforced the law of segregation by policemen, beating and brutality injuring or killing them.
But this went to show to certain people, influencing their thoughts (culture) that despite they being treated like animals, yet they did not fight back and showed a high level of emotional control which was against the narrative that they were emotionally volatile as the racist story told

Question 44

What was a turning point that changed the dominance of scientific racism as a cultural narrative and what was it turned to

Answer 44

The civil rights movement
From scientific racism we moved unto cultural racism

Question 45

The belief that a racial or ethnic group are inferior by virtue of their culture is regarded as?

Answer 45

Cultural racism

Question 46

A narrative that supports a supposed group inferiority because of the racial group’s biology is known as

Answer 46

Scientific racism

Question 47

What was the difference between cultural racism and scientific racism

Answer 47

Scientific racism used a biological means to justify why people were considered a different race while cultural racism use the culture of ethnic groups to justify why they’re inferior

Question 48

What was the new cultural narrative about the social significance of race that was introduced after the end of segregation and aftermath of the civil rights movement

Answer 48

Cultural racism

Question 49

The failure of the black family, the welfare queens and the war on dogs were all examples of what?

Answer 49

New narrative of culture that led to cultural racism

Question 50

What did the new cultural narrative of cultural racism mean by welfare queen San war on drugs

Answer 50

The welfare queen was the story that many black women were getting pregnant anyhow
The war on drugs illicit that the blacks were responsible for drugs, where many black people were imprisoned just from the basis of drug possession

Question 51

When Ta nehisi coated- in America, it is traditional to destroy the black body, what did that mean?

Answer 51

It meant that previously violence was used to enforce black slaves to work
And today that violence still continues against blacks through violence from police brutality
So the safety of blacks are still being compromised, so even though we may see brutality and be confused by how it came to be, but violence against the black body has existed for a long time
It’s like a continuation of violence by in a different form

Question 52

Why does the historical value of racism still need to be accounted in other to understand brutality today

Answer 52

Although slavery was abolished almost 200 years ago but the state sanctioned violence that comes with it still exist in our culture and can be visibly seen though police brutality against blacks

Question 53

What is the difference between scientific racism and systemic inequality/ racism

Answer 53

Scientific racism is the justification, the cultural narrative, story created to explain why certain people are treated differently, the justification that skin colour, hair, biological and phenotypic looks are different from the majority

While systemic inequality is a broader term that refers to how people face different racial experiences at the structural level. Any form of racial inequiality experienced by virtue of being different form the majority racially

Question 54

How does scientific racism differ from cultural racism

Answer 54

Scientific racism is a narrative that was created to justify racism, for example because of the shape of their skull, their phenotypic features resembles apes, their hair felt like sheep that is why we think its okay to treat black people a certain manner. Just by being black, you are treated differently

Cultural racism replaced scientific racism after the civil rights movement, it was not just because you are black that you’re treated different but because of the experiences, ways, and practices of being black was what led to racism
For example, the breakdown of the black family compared to the white, the insurgence of drugs being attributed to the blacks, the music of the blacks being seen as elicit lyrics that corrupts the minds of white folk