Social epidemiology of obesity

Question 2

What are the causes of obesity?

Answer 2

Lack of exercise
Poor diet
Stress
Poverty
Lack of exposure to relevant education

Question 3

USE THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES TO REVISE

Question 4

What is overweight BMI?
What is obese BMI?
What is morbid obesity?
What is excess weight?

Answer 4

• 25-30
• 30 or higher
• over 40

Umbrella term for BMI over 25

Question 5

What measures are used to categorise excess weight?

Answer 5

Waist circumference
Waist-hip ratio
Some, esp research papers look at body composition

Question 6

What health conditions are associated with obesity?

Question 7

What is raised BMI a risk factor for?

Answer 7

Cardiovascular diseases

Question 8

How is childhood obesity a risk factor for adult obesity?

Answer 8

Increases chance
Breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of CVD, insulin resistance
Fat cells multiply - can’t unmultiply them

Question 9

What is often missed on outcomes of obesity?

Answer 9

psychological effects - depression, eating disorders, experienced stigma, sadness

Question 10

What is epidemiology?

Answer 10

People
Place
Time

Question 11

Aged 45-74 how many people are overweight or obese?

Question 12

At what age does prevelance of high BMI dramatically increase?

Question 13

How does deprivation affect prevalence of obesity?

Answer 13

Least deprived 10th - 58%
Most deprived 10th - 72%

Question 14

How does disability disproportionally affect different groups?

Answer 14

Affects most deprived 10th must more than least 10th
Disabled more likely
Affects different ethnicities differently
Qualifications - level 4+ less obesity
North south divide in UK - north prevalence of obesity increasing, decreasing in south

Question 15

What are the layers of the Dahlgren and Whitehead model?

Question 16

What is the socio-ecological model of health?

Question 17

What are the layers of the socio-ecological model of health?

Question 18

What are the simple domains of the foresight model (2007)?

Answer 18

Societal influences
Individual psychology
Individual activity
Activity environment
Biology
Food consumption
Food production

Question 19

What are food choices dependent on?

Answer 19

Individual social circumstances
The wider food environment - obesogenic food environment

Question 20

What is meant by food environment?

Answer 20

Access and availability in the surrounding area where someone lives
neighbourhood, household, school

Question 21

What is an obesogenic environment? How do inequities in the food environment affect epidemiology in obesity?

Answer 21

Environment that potentially leads to higher prevalence of obesity
Inequities - more deprived areas have five times as many fast-food outlets

Question 22

What is a food desert?
What is a food swamp?

Answer 22

Desert - poor access to healthy food options - transport to further away supermarkets, causes people to pay 3x more - ‘poverty premium’

Swamps - areas of greater provisions of unhealthy, nutrient poor, caloric-dense food and drinks

Question 23

What are commercial determinants of health?

Answer 23

Negative impact of commercial activities
- inc exposure to advertisements
- promotions in supermarkets, portion sizes, front of pack labelling

Question 24

What is food insecurity?

Answer 24

A major public health challenge - experiencing one or more of the following…
1. Smaller meals than usual - unable to afford or access food
2. Hungry but not eating due to unable to afford or access food
3. Not eating for a whole day due to unable to afford or get access to food

Answer 25

15% uk ppl in food insecurity

Question 26

What are the 3 main areas of malnutrition?

Answer 26

overweight/obese
micronutrient deficiencies
not eating/lack of food…/../;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;l/llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll