Social epidemiology of obesity Flashcards
What are the causes of obesity?
Lack of exercise
Poor diet
Stress
Poverty
Lack of exposure to relevant education
USE THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES TO REVISE
What is overweight BMI?
What is obese BMI?
What is morbid obesity?
What is excess weight?
- 25-30
- 30 or higher
- over 40
Umbrella term for BMI over 25
What measures are used to categorise excess weight?
Waist circumference
Waist-hip ratio
Some, esp research papers look at body composition
What health conditions are associated with obesity?
What is raised BMI a risk factor for?
Cardiovascular diseases
How is childhood obesity a risk factor for adult obesity?
Increases chance
Breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of CVD, insulin resistance
Fat cells multiply - can’t unmultiply them
What is often missed on outcomes of obesity?
psychological effects - depression, eating disorders, experienced stigma, sadness
What is epidemiology?
People
Place
Time
Aged 45-74 how many people are overweight or obese?
At what age does prevelance of high BMI dramatically increase?
How does deprivation affect prevalence of obesity?
Least deprived 10th - 58%
Most deprived 10th - 72%
How does disability disproportionally affect different groups?
Affects most deprived 10th must more than least 10th
Disabled more likely
Affects different ethnicities differently
Qualifications - level 4+ less obesity
North south divide in UK - north prevalence of obesity increasing, decreasing in south
What are the layers of the Dahlgren and Whitehead model?
What is the socio-ecological model of health?
What are the layers of the socio-ecological model of health?
What are the simple domains of the foresight model (2007)?
Societal influences
Individual psychology
Individual activity
Activity environment
Biology
Food consumption
Food production
What are food choices dependent on?
Individual social circumstances
The wider food environment - obesogenic food environment
What is meant by food environment?
Access and availability in the surrounding area where someone lives
neighbourhood, household, school
What is an obesogenic environment? How do inequities in the food environment affect epidemiology in obesity?
Environment that potentially leads to higher prevalence of obesity
Inequities - more deprived areas have five times as many fast-food outlets
What is a food desert?
What is a food swamp?
Desert - poor access to healthy food options - transport to further away supermarkets, causes people to pay 3x more - ‘poverty premium’
Swamps - areas of greater provisions of unhealthy, nutrient poor, caloric-dense food and drinks
What are commercial determinants of health?
Negative impact of commercial activities
- inc exposure to advertisements
- promotions in supermarkets, portion sizes, front of pack labelling
What is food insecurity?
A major public health challenge - experiencing one or more of the following…
1. Smaller meals than usual - unable to afford or access food
2. Hungry but not eating due to unable to afford or access food
3. Not eating for a whole day due to unable to afford or get access to food
15% uk ppl in food insecurity
What are the 3 main areas of malnutrition?
overweight/obese
micronutrient deficiencies
not eating/lack of food…/../;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;l/llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
