Social Development Flashcards
social referencing
process of using others’ facial expressions as a source of information about their current situation
Harlow Monkeys Experiment
j
secure base
relationship in which child feels safe and protected
imprinting
learned attachment that is formed at a particular early period (not found in humans)
pre-conventional reasoning
focused on getting rewards and avoiding punishment
“if you let your wife die, you’ll get in trouble”
Conventional Reasoning
focused on social relationships, conventions, and duties
“your family will think you are bd if you don’t help your wife”
Post-conventional reasoning
focused on ideals and broad moral principles
“it is wrong to let somebody die”
principle of minimal sufficiency
children will internalize a certain way of acting better if there is just enough pressure to get him to behave in this new way, but not enough pressure that would make him feel as if he was being forced to do so.
gender role
a whole host of external behavioral patterns that a given culture deems appropriate for each sex
Gender identity
inner sense of being a male or a female
sexual orientation
person’s sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted
True or False: Homosexuality is somehow related to altered levels of testosterone
False
T or F: Homosexualiyt is related to the oedipal/electra complex
False
T OR F: Homosexuality is relared to being abused or being seduced by older people
False
T or F: Homosexuality is somehow related to childhood experiences/parenting
False
T or F: Unusually strong levels of stress that occur during the 2nd to 5th month of pregnancy
True
T or F: population control
True
T or F: Enhancing the survival of the gene pool in that homosexual adults will take care of their kin’s offspring
True
Rosenzweig study
- compared the effects of rats being raised in a stimulus-enriched environment v. a stimulus-impoverished environment on the development of their brains
- enriched cages had food, water, swings, ramps, tunnels, etc.
- impoverished cages were devoid of anything but food and water
Results: rats in enriched environment had:
-heavier brains
greater neocortex-to-rest of brain weight ratios
-enzyme indicators fo greater neurotransmitter activity
sensory-motor intelligence (birth-2 years)
- differentiates self from objects
- achieves object permanence
Preoperational (2-7 years)
- learns to use language and to represent objects with images and words
- classifies objects by a single feature (ex- groups blocks by color rather than shape or size
Concrete operational
- can think logically about concrete objects
- achieves conservation of number, mass, and weight
Formal operation
- can think logically about abstract propositions
- becomes concerned with the possible as well as the real
A-not-B-effect
tendency of infants to reach for a hidden object it was previously hidden, rather than where it was hidden most recently (while child watched)
-an object’s existence is independent of his own actions
schema
- coordinated pattern of sensory and motor knowledge and expectations that enables a child to make sense of and interpret their environment
- ways of interacting with the world and ways of interacting with ideas about the world
assimilation
developing child’s process of interpreting the environment in terms of the schemas he already has
accomodation
changing his schemas based on his interactions with his environments
conservation
young child’s apparent failure to conserve quantity
reversible operations
knowing that 1+1=2 and that 2-1=1
habituation procedure
to see if infants have object permanence
after some exposure to a stimulus, an infant becomes habituated and stops paying attention to it
if the infant shows renewed interest when a new stimulus is presented, this reveals that the infant regards the new stimulus as different from the old one
causal attribution
- an inference about what caused a person’s behavior
- why someone did something
situational attributions
- attributions that explain someone’s behavior in terms of the circumstances rather than aspects of that person
- “she failed the test because it was hard”
dispositional attributions
- explain someone’s behavior in terms of factors internal to the person, such as traits or preferences
- “she failed the test because she is stupid”
individualistic culture
- cultures in which people are considered fundamentally independent and which value standing out by achieving private goals
- ex- USA
collectivistic culture
- people are considered fundamentally interdependent and which emphasizes obligations within one’s family and immediate community
- ex- many asian/ african/ latin american countries
(FAE) fundamental attribution error
see Quizmaster Study
- tendency to attribute behaviors to a person’s internal qualities while underestimating situational influence
- we sometimes organize our thoughts and impressions of a person based on one central trait out of all their other attributes
ex- when someone budges me in line at Starbucks, I think “what the fuck” instead of “oh, it is crowded in here, I am sure she just didn’t see me”
self-serving bias
-we tend to have a greater inclination to make dispositional attributions to our successes and situational attributions to our failures
stereotypes
schemas that are often negative and are used to categorize complex groups of people
- can be implicit/explicit
- are sometimes accurate yet are always a generalization
- are a natural part in how we construct out ideas of people
- are often formed due to illusory correlations
prejudice
a negative attitude toward another person based on the person’s group membership
Three parts (ABC’s) of Prejudice
Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive
Affective (emotional) component
viewing the other group as “bad”
behavioral component
tendencies to discriminate against other groups
cognitive component
the stereotype itself
Out-group Homogeneity Effect
the tendency for a member of a group to view members of another group as “all alike” or less varied than the members of their own group
Implicit Associations
study that suggests that participants arrive at the experiment already primed to associate each race wit a certain evaluation and respond more slowly when the experiment requires them to to break that association
stereotype threat
studies have shown that before administering an intelligence test, asking students for their race/gender can hinder performance of A/A or female students
attitude
a fairly stable evaluation of something as good/bad makes a person think, fell, or behave positively/negatively about something
central route to persuasion
the process involved in attitude change when someone carefully evaluations the evidence and arguments
peripheral route to persuasion
process involved in attitude change when someone relies on superficial factors (appearance/charisma) of a person presenting the argument
cognitive dissonance
uncomfortable inconsistency among one’s actions, beliefs, attitudes, or feelings
-people attempt to reduce it by making the foregoing more consistent with one another
conformity
a change in behavior due to explicit or implicit social pressure
Asch experiment
conformity
Milgram Study
obedience
social loafing
pattern in which people working together on a task generate less total effort than they would have if they each worked alone
(clapping or tug-of-war)
deindividation
an individual in a group experience a weakened sense of personal identity and diminished self-awareness
(zimbardo’s prison experiment)
Group Polarization
a pattern in which each member’s attitudes become more extreme, even though the discussion draws attention to arguments that could have moderated their views
risky shift
group appears more willing to take chances or take an extreme stance than any individual members would have been on their own
Group Think
occurs when a cohesive group minimizes/ignores members’ differences of opinions
Attractiveness
- we tend to like people we are attracted to
- Halo Effect–> we assume people who have one good trait also have other good traits
Proximity
-living close to another allows you to spend more time together and become more familiar with one another, and thus like each other more
Similarity
“birds of a feather flock together” is more valid that “opposites attract”
homogamy- tendency of “like” to mate with “like”
James-Lange Theory of Emotion (jump-love)
first we jump, then feel the physiological reaction, then we interpret our emotion
subjective experience of emotion is the awareness of one’s own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli
“i feel afraid because my heart is pounding”
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
argued that J-L model doesnt make sense because diff. emotions are associated with the same bodily changes/physiological arousal
theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a particular response in the brain which then causes both the physiological changes associated with the emotion and the emotional experience itself
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
“if diff emotions produce comparable physiological responses, then why do we have the subjective impression that our bodies are doing quite diff things in diff emotional states?”
theory that emotional experience results from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues
actor-observer difference
as observer of another person’s actions, we attribute to that person’s behavior dispositional causes, but when we are the actor, we attribute situational causes to our behavior
impression management
people often try to manage the image they convey to others so as to be seen in the most favorable light
Implicit theories of Personality
what kinds of behaviors are associated with particular traits and which traits go together
self-schema
implicit theory of ourselves (beliefs about our own traits, gender, physical characteristics, values and overall self-views
hot cognition
emotional and motivational –> attitudes
cold cognition
dispassionate and analytical –> simple beliefs
attitude formation
- classical conditioning (joe camel)
- operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning: by rewarding favorable attributes
- observational learning: learning by imitation
LaPiere Study
inconsistency in attitudes as verbally expressed, and actual behavior
self-perception theory
need to keep cognitions logically consistent
theory of mind
the set of interrelated concepts we use to make sense of our own thoughts, feelings and behaviors, as well as those of others
