Chapter 5: Perception Flashcards
Distal Stimulus
an object/event in outside world
Proximal Stimulus
energies from the outside world that directly reach our sense organs
Binocular cues
cue from the fact that our two eyes look out onto the world from slightly different positions –> result: each eye has a slightly diff. view allowing us to infer info about distance relationships
Monocular Cues
we can also perceive depth with one eye
–> can indicate distance even if stimulus is viewed with only one eye
(blind people can still perceive depth)
Adjustment CUes
adjustment needed to see world clearly depending on how far away viewed object is
Pictorial Cues
patterns repped on flat surface in order to create a sense of 3-dimensional object/scene
Interposition
monocular cues to distance– relies on the fact that objects farther away are blocked by closer objects
Linear Perspective
parallel lines seem to converge as the get farther and farther from viewer
Texture Gradients
if texture gets smaller and smaller (has discontinuity), can communicate info about depth/distance
Motion Parallax
as an observer moves, the retinal images of nearby objects move more rapidly than do those of objects farther away
What happens when observer simply moves toward or away from image? Why?
makes imager larger/smaller
there is more retinal stimulation when we move closer to an object
Retinal Motion
some cells (motion detectors) in the visual cortex respond to image movements on the retina by firing at an increased rate whenever movement is present.
Why doesn’t a given cell respond to just any kind of movement (retinal motion)?
cells are direction specific
i.e– some will fire if a stimulus moves from left –> right; others will fire if a stimulus moves from right –> left
Apparent Movement
perception of movement produced by stimulus that are stationary but are presented at first at one position and then a different position
Eye Movement
When you move your eye, you compute the shift in retinal image produced by your own movement
Induced Movement
perceived movement of a stationary stimulus, caused by movement of a surrounding framework of nearby objects
correspondence problem
deciding, as you move from one view to the next, which elements in the second view correspond with which elements in the first view
Form Perception (p.182)
recognition of objects in a particular form within a certain environment
Perceptual Segregation
= perceptual parsing
how you separatea scene into individual objects, linking together the parts of each object but not linking one object’s parts to some other object
Feature nets (188-9)
model of pattern recognition involving a network of detectors and having feature detectors as the network’s starting point
visual search
ex: clock—> c - l - o - c- k –> features of letters themselves
Bottom-up Processing
“data-driven” processing
Top-down Processing
“knowledge-driven” processing; guided by the ideas/expectations perceiver brings into situation
Priming
warming up of certain detectors so they’re better prepared to respond
“What” System
visual pathway leading from the visual cortex to the inferotemporal lobe (involved in identifying objects(parvo cells))
“Where” System
visual pathway leading from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe (involved in locating objects in space(magno cells))
Attention
orients to stimulus so as to gain more information & helps find the input features; helps shelter perceiver from unwanted distractions
cocktail-party effect
ability to tune our attention to just one voice from a multitude
Implicit attention
they threw stones @ the bank as presented to one ear is affected by whether “money” or “river” was presented to the other
dichotic presentation
simultaneous reception of one message through one ear and another message through the other ear
unconscious inference
reflex-like mechanism which is part of the formation of visual impression
