Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards
Habituation
decline in an organism’s response to a stimulus once it has become familiar
Dishabituation
increase in responsiveness when something novel is presented
Classical Conditioning
one stimulus is paired with another so that organism learns a relationship between stimuli
Conditioned Stimulus
initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a new response due to pairings with the unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
a stimulus that triggers a particular response without prior training
Conditioned Response
response elicited by an initially neutral stimulus— the coonditioned stimulus—after it has eben paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response
response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without proper training
In classical and in instrumental conditioning the organism learns there is a predictive relationship between what and what?
response and reward
Instrumental Conditioning
participant receives a reinforcer only after performing the desired response –> learns a relationship between the response and the reinforcer
Stimulus Generalization
tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning to elicit a reaction similar to the learned response
ex) dog might be conditioned to respond to a tone of a particular pitch.. When tested later on, that dog will respond most strongly if the test tone is that same pitch
Second-order Conditioning
a neutral stimulus is first made meaningful through classical conditioning
Then–> the stimulus is then paired with a new neutral stimulus until the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response
ex) conditioned fear of all one way streets after a person travels down one following an auto accident. (street was not the cause of the trauma)
Conditioned Reinforcement
when a stimulus reinforces/strengthens set behaviors through its association with a primary reinforcer
ex) Milly gives a student red token, at end of week, students turn in red tokens to get treats– reinforce positive student behaviors
Avoidance Learning
individual learns a behavior or response to avoid a stressful/unpleasant situation
ex) coming to school on time, so you dont have to go to go to detention
Blocking
an animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus provides no new info
3 part procedure
Hissing noise–> result
hissing noise +light–> result
light alone–> result
= no learning
Negative Reinforcement
?
Punishment
?
Latent Learning
learning that occurs without a corresponding change in behavior
Extinction
weakening of a learned response that is produced if a conditioned stimulus is now repeatedly presented without the conditioned stimulus
Shaping
eliciting a desired response by rewarded behaviors that are increasingly similar to that response
How is shaping accomplished?
method of successive approximation (gradually reinforcing animal to press level)
Schedule of Reinforcement
rules about how often and under what conditions a response will be reinforced
Partial Reinforcement
only some of the organism’s responses are inforced
Ratio Schedule
pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain # of responses
Fixed Ratio Schedule
xx responses required for each reinforcement
Variable Ratio Schedule
of responses needed vary from trial to trial
Interval Schedule
a pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain amount of time passed
Fixed-Interval
reinforced after xx amount of time
Variable-Interval
exact interval varies from trial to trial
Contiguity
CS and US arrive close to each other in time
Contingency
CS provides info about the US’s arrival–> allow us to anticipate upcoming events
What is “belongingness” in classical and intrumental conditioning?
?
Taste aversion learning
organism learns to avoid a taste after just one pairing of that taste with illness
Presynaptic Facilitation
occurs when learning results in an increased release of neurotransmitters into the synapse
–> after conditioning, neurons receive the CS literally release more neurotransmitter into the synapse that before trials
Long-term Potentiation
when one neuron activates another neuron over and over
