Chapter 7: Learning

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

decline in an organism’s response to a stimulus once it has become familiar

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

increase in responsiveness when something novel is presented

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

one stimulus is paired with another so that organism learns a relationship between stimuli

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a new response due to pairings with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

a stimulus that triggers a particular response without prior training

Question 6

Conditioned Response

Answer 6

response elicited by an initially neutral stimulus— the coonditioned stimulus—after it has eben paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Unconditioned Response

Answer 7

response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without proper training

Question 8

In classical and in instrumental conditioning the organism learns there is a predictive relationship between what and what?

Answer 8

response and reward

Question 9

Instrumental Conditioning

Answer 9

participant receives a reinforcer only after performing the desired response –> learns a relationship between the response and the reinforcer

Question 10

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 10

tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning to elicit a reaction similar to the learned response

ex) dog might be conditioned to respond to a tone of a particular pitch.. When tested later on, that dog will respond most strongly if the test tone is that same pitch

Question 11

Second-order Conditioning

Answer 11

a neutral stimulus is first made meaningful through classical conditioning

Then–> the stimulus is then paired with a new neutral stimulus until the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response

ex) conditioned fear of all one way streets after a person travels down one following an auto accident. (street was not the cause of the trauma)

Question 12

Conditioned Reinforcement

Answer 12

when a stimulus reinforces/strengthens set behaviors through its association with a primary reinforcer

ex) Milly gives a student red token, at end of week, students turn in red tokens to get treats– reinforce positive student behaviors

Question 13

Avoidance Learning

Answer 13

individual learns a behavior or response to avoid a stressful/unpleasant situation

ex) coming to school on time, so you dont have to go to go to detention

Question 14

Blocking

Answer 14

an animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus provides no new info

3 part procedure
Hissing noise–> result
hissing noise +light–> result
light alone–> result

= no learning

Question 15

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 15

?

Question 16

Punishment

Answer 16

?

Question 17

Latent Learning

Answer 17

learning that occurs without a corresponding change in behavior

Question 18

Extinction

Answer 18

weakening of a learned response that is produced if a conditioned stimulus is now repeatedly presented without the conditioned stimulus

Question 19

Shaping

Answer 19

eliciting a desired response by rewarded behaviors that are increasingly similar to that response

Question 20

How is shaping accomplished?

Answer 20

method of successive approximation (gradually reinforcing animal to press level)

Question 21

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 21

rules about how often and under what conditions a response will be reinforced

Question 22

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 22

only some of the organism’s responses are inforced

Question 23

Ratio Schedule

Answer 23

pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain # of responses

Question 24

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 24

xx responses required for each reinforcement

Question 25

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 25

of responses needed vary from trial to trial

Question 26

Interval Schedule

Answer 26

a pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain amount of time passed

Question 27

Fixed-Interval

Answer 27

reinforced after xx amount of time

Question 28

Variable-Interval

Answer 28

exact interval varies from trial to trial

Question 29

Contiguity

Answer 29

CS and US arrive close to each other in time

Question 30

Contingency

Answer 30

CS provides info about the US’s arrival–> allow us to anticipate upcoming events

Question 31

What is “belongingness” in classical and intrumental conditioning?

Answer 31

?

Question 32

Taste aversion learning

Answer 32

organism learns to avoid a taste after just one pairing of that taste with illness

Question 33

Presynaptic Facilitation

Answer 33

occurs when learning results in an increased release of neurotransmitters into the synapse

–> after conditioning, neurons receive the CS literally release more neurotransmitter into the synapse that before trials

Question 34

Long-term Potentiation

Answer 34

when one neuron activates another neuron over and over