social development Flashcards
what did Vygotsky argue learning is a result of
interaction between a child and a more knowledgeable individual
what did Vygotsky argue about culture
provides the context within which interactions take place
what does Vygotsky argue about language
provides the means through which meanings are shared
what does ZPD stand for
zone of proximal development
what is ZPD
difference between actual performance and potential
performance
why is external monologue important
Transition from language as tool for communication to a tool for thought
Help organize and plan behaviour
what age does external monologue become internalised as inner speech
7 years
what did Piaget see monologue as
evidence of egocentrism
What does Bruner’s explanation of scaffolding display
How knowledge is passed from expert adult to novice child
what is recruitment in scaffolding
engaging interest of child
what is reduction of degrees of freedom
reducing number of acts required by simplifying
what is direction maintenance
keeping motivation up
what is marking critical features
highlighting relevant features
what is demonstration
modelling solutions
how is there evidence of social development being uniquely human
Many of the behaviours that distinguish us are supported by social learning e.g. cultures, tools and technology
evidence against social learning as uniquely human
many animals learn socially, some even exhibit culture, even if not as complex
how is emulation different from imitation
emulation - focus on end results
imitation - actions and end results
what is the cultural intelligence hypothesis
Humans have evolved special social-cognitive skills e.g. theory of mind and cooperation
what is shared intentionality
Natural tendency to want to share information or combine efforts toward common goals.
what is important about the role of an observer
primed to attend to demonstrater’s cues
how is self recognition tested
mirror test
mirror test procedure
16 infants in 6 age groups
compared rouge and non-rouge conditions
Povinelli et al procedure
Sticker unobtrusively placed on head
Videos and photos taken of 2-4-yr-olds
Showed them videos/photos after delay
povinelli et al findings
Older 3 & 4 yrs: reached for sticker
Younger children did not
when does full temporal sense of self develop according to Povinelli
after 3 years
what is person permanence
internal representations of a social being
when does person permanence develop
18 months
Lewis and Brook-Gun’s findings familiarity
Different behaviour to familiar vs strange adults (7-9 months)
Familiar vs. strange peers (10-12 months)
Lewis and Brook-Gun’s findings of age social dimensions
Discriminate children and adults by 6-12 months
Use verbal age labels by 18-24 months
Lewis and Brook-gun’s findings of gender social dimensions
Discriminate between women and men strangers (9-12 months)
Use verbal gender labels around 19 months
when do primary emotions begin to occur
3 months
when do fear responses begin to occur
7 months
examples of secondary emotions
embarrassment, pride, shame
when do secondary emotions begin to occur
2-3 years
when can emotions begin to be discriminated
10 weeks
what is social referencing
gauge response from care-giver before reacting
what does accuracy in recognising emotions lead to
better acceptance by peers
what is emotional intelligence linked to
maturation in the pre frontal cortex
what are the precursor’s for understanding another’s mind (Harris)
self awareness
capacity for pretence
distinguishing reality from pretence
what age can individual’s solve the sally-anne task
4 year olds
how have mental states in language been found to be distinguished
2yrs + use words about internal states (want)
3yrs + use cognitive terms (know, remember)
when is ToM achieved
Wellman et al (2001) review of 180 false belief studies
Very few 2yr olds
Minority 3yr olds
4+ yrs usually passed
how did Southgate and Vernetti measure theory of mind
Measured activation in motor cortex of adults (activated when the actor has false belief that ball is in the box)
Southgate and Vernetti findings
infants make action prediction based on the agent’s beliefs
what do children who perform better on false belief tasks tend to have
better language abilities
when does understanding surprise occur
4 years
when does deception occur and example of testing
5 years alone
lie about preferred sticker to puppet to avoid losing it
what were the findings of the ambiguous drawing task
5 yr olds could not give a good answer
Even some 8 yr olds had trouble
when does conceptual change occur of metarepresentations
3-5 years
how does ToM develop
concepts not suddenly acquired
understanding develops gradually
