Prosocial behaviour and moral reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

define prosocial behaviour

A

Voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another

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2
Q

what is altruistic behaviour

A

Motivated purely by desire to help another, at cost to oneself

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3
Q

how does prosocial behaviour differ from altruistic

A

Pattern of behaviour, regardless of motivation (potential benefit/associated costs to the donor)

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4
Q

what are the evolutionary roots of prosocial behaviour

A

Increase survival of kin
more likely to assist genetically related individuals
enhance acceptance from a group

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5
Q

evidence of prosociality as innate

A

Spontaneous prosocial behaviour in children from relatively early age
Some evidence from twin studies of genetic contribution to prosocial tendencies

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6
Q

evidence of prosociality as learnt

A

Early attachment to parents
Parental/ adult responses to behaviour important

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7
Q

when does prosocial behaviour emerge

A

Around first birthday, helping behaviour emerges
Rapidly increases in toddler/preschooler period, and then slowly thereafter into early adulthood

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8
Q

how does prosocial behaviour occur

A

Shift to act according to moral principles, rather than for selfish motivations or to gain approval

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9
Q

how have experiments shown to reinforce social behaviour

A

Explicit scaffolding (encouragement and praise) increases prosocial behaviour in infants (ex: Dahl et al., 2017)

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10
Q

how have experimental studies shown modelling prosocial behaviour

A

Observing helpful behaviour increases prosocial behaviour in infants
More likely to copy skilled, warm, and familiar models

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11
Q

what is the issue with measuring prosociality in experiments

A

artificial environments
unfamiliar experimenters

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12
Q

what is an observational study

A

Observe spontaneous, naturally occurring behaviour (directly or through reports

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13
Q

procedure of Harmond and Bromwell

A

Parents asked to report on helping behaviour and motivations in 1-4-year-olds

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14
Q

Harmond and Bromwell findings

A

helping increased with age

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15
Q

how did Warmeken and Tomasello assess spontaneous helping

A

24 18-month-olds
Experimental condition: looked at object and child, verbalized problem
Control: neutral face toward object

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16
Q

findings of Warneken and Tomasello

A

Children more likely to help in experimental condition for most tasks Immediately in most cases

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17
Q

when might helping be restricted

A

ability to interpret goals or needs

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18
Q

how do parenting styles influence prosocial development

A

secure attachment = higher empathy
Parents who are empathic, respond sensitively, encourage empathy

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19
Q

what other factors influence prosocial development

A

Perspective-taking ability

Ability to regulate emotions

20
Q

how may culture influence prosocial behaviour

A

Values placed on cooperation vs. competition, individualism vs. support

21
Q

what is moral reasoning

A

How we reason or judge whether an action is right or wrong

22
Q

what were Piaget’s three stages of moral reasoning

A

premoral
moral realism
moral subjectivism

23
Q

what age is the premoral stage

A

up to 4 years

24
Q

what is the premoral stage

A

rules not understood

25
Q

what age is the moral realism stage

A

4-10 years

26
Q

what is is the moral realism stage

A

rules come from higher authority, cannot be changed

27
Q

what age is the moral subjectivism stage

28
Q

what is the moral subjectivism stage

A

rules mutually agreed by players, can change

29
Q

what is Piaget’s dilemma method

A

asked “which child is the naughtiest”

30
Q

findings of dilemma method

A

Up to 9/10 years, children judge based on amount of damage, not motive or intention

31
Q

problems with the dilemma design

A

Unequal damage distracts children
“bad intentions” are vague

32
Q

What did Kohlberg do

A

expand on Piaget’s concepts across the lifespan, not just childhood

33
Q

Kohlberg’s levels of moral reasoning

A

Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional

34
Q

what is preconventional morality

A

Reason in relation to self, little understanding of shared rules
Seek pleasure, avoid punishment

35
Q

what people experience preconventional morality

A

Children under 9, some adolescents, adult “criminal offenders”

36
Q

stage 1 of preconventional morality

A

Concerned with authority, obey rules to avoid punishment

37
Q

stage 2 of preconventional morality

A

Weigh the risks and benefits
action determined by one’s needs

38
Q

what is conventional morality

A

Importance of rules, expectations, conventions of society

39
Q

who experiences conventional morality

A

most adolescents and adults

40
Q

stage 3 conventional morality

A

focus on interpersonal relationships
Being good = having good motives

41
Q

stage 4 conventional morality

A

Performing one’s duty to maintain social order

42
Q

what is postconventional morality

A

Understanding of moral principles underlying laws

43
Q

what is stage 5 post conventional morality

A

importance of functioning society AND individual rights

44
Q

what is stage 6 postconventional morality

A

Following universal ethical principles
even when law violates the principle

45
Q

when does postconventional morality occur

A

not until 20, and not for everyone

46
Q

criticisms of Kohlberg

A

Dilemmas criticized for being too artificial
cultural bias - favours individualism
gender bias - ppts male