Social Development

Question 1

Phases of social development

Answer 1

• basic attraction
• Core relatedness
• Topic-based relatedness
• Connected-up relatedness
• Cooperative relatedness

Question 2

When is basic attraction phase?

Answer 2

birth to 1 month

Question 3

What Is basic attraction phase?

Answer 3

when babies have an attraction to faces that are ready to engage e.g eyes open and forward
neonatal imitation
motherese
phase ensures infants motivation to engage

Question 4

What is neonatal imitation?

Answer 4

babies are able to copy a variety of facial movements

Question 5

When is the core relatedness phase?

Answer 5

2 months old
also known as primary intersubjectivity

Question 6

What is the core relatedness phase?

Answer 6

involves emotionally intimate one to one interactions e.g holding eye contact, ‘pre-speech’ (opening mouth)

Question 7

When is topic-based relatedness phase?

Answer 7

5 months

Question 8

What is topic-based relatedness phase?

Answer 8

transitional phase
interactions go from being about just communication to being about a ‘third’ topic
improvement in vision and expanding field of knowledge

Question 9

When is connected-up relatedness phase?

Answer 9

9-10 months
also known as secondary intersubjectivity

Question 10

What is connected-up relatedness phase?

Answer 10

Involves gaze following, infants can also follow others’ pointing gestures
reciprocal play
physical mastery of environment

Question 11

When is cooperative-relatedness phase?

Answer 11

18 months

Question 12

What is cooperative-relatedness phase?

Answer 12

understanding of others experience
objective take on own experience
can help others in task

Question 13

What is theory of mind?

Answer 13

ability to understand that other people have mental states such as beliefs and feelings

Question 14

What are the 2 theories that try to explain about how we reason about other minds?

Answer 14

• “theory theory”
• “simulation theory”

Question 15

What is “theory theory”?

Answer 15

we understand other’s mental states by having a model (theory) of others minds
gain rules and principles which help explain and predict behaviour

Question 16

What is “simulation theory”?

Answer 16

we understand the mind of others because their mental states can be internally replicated in our own minds
e.g thought experiments, what others would think in that situation

Question 17

What is retrodiction?

Answer 17

predict what happened in the past to cause mental state

Question 18

The does full theory of mind develop?

Answer 18

around age 4-4.5

Question 19

What factors can shape theory of mind abilities?

Answer 19

• Culture
• Family (having multiple siblings might help with understanding others minds)
• Parents
• Characteristics of the child e.g autism

Question 20

How to test theory of mind?

Answer 20

Using false belief tests

Question 21

What is a false belief?

Answer 21

an incorrect belief about reality that is maintained even when there is evidence to the contrary

Question 22

What is an example of a false belief test?

Answer 22

Sally Anne test

Question 23

Keysar et al study

Answer 23

several objects placed between ppt and confederate in grid
only some objects visible to ppt (knew confederate couldn’t see them)
when confederate asked ppt to move small candle they would consider candle hidden from confederates view by looking or reaching for it

Question 24

Replicated version of Keysar et al’s study

Answer 24

objects placed in grid between them again
ppts given object e.g tape and told to put it in a bag and in one of the slots blocked from confederate
grid also contained another object that had same label as object in bag e.g a cassette tape
found 71% of ppts attempted to move object in bag at least once

Question 25

What is egocentric bias?

Answer 25

tendency to be biased by one's own knowledge when attempting to understand a more uniformed perspective